Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physicochemical properties of ionic liquid mixtures containing choline chloride, chromium (III) chloride and water: effects of temperature and water content

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Ionics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of water addition and temperature on some physicochemical properties of room temperature ionic liquids containing chromium chloride, choline chloride and water in the molar ratio of 1:2.5:x (where x = 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18) have been studied. The density, viscosity, surface tension and conductivity of the liquid mixtures were measured for the temperature range of 25 to 80 °C. Increasing both water content and temperature resulted in decreasing density, surface tension and viscosity and increasing electrical conductivity. The average void radii (hole sizes) for the liquid systems under study were calculated; they were in the range of 1.21 to 1.82 Å. The average hole size was stated to grow with increasing both temperature and water content in the mixture. The variation of the average void radii correlates with the change in viscosity and conductivity. The activation energies of viscous flow and conductivity diminishes with increasing water content in the liquid mixture. There is a strong linear correlation between conductivity and fluidity which indicates that the conductivity of the ionic liquid mixtures is generally controlled by the ionic mobility. A moderate viscosity and higher conductivity of the Cr(III)-containing ionic liquids with extra-water addition (at x > 9) make them suitable for the development of chromium electrodeposition processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Let us emphasize that x in our study denominates the total amount of water in the system, both originating from hexahydrate salt CrCl3·6H2O and specially added to the mixture. Thus, the value x = 6 corresponds to the system without extra water. As follows from a simple calculation, the findings described in work [15] refer to x ≈ 14.55.

  2. Note that the measurements of conductivity for the systems CrCl3 + 2.5ChCl + xH2O have been carried out in work [17] only at the temperature value of 60 °C. For comparison, the conductivity of the system with x = 12 is about 2.4 Ω−1 m−1 according to Ref. [17], whereas we obtained σ = 2.158 Ω−1 m−1 for the same system and at the same temperature. Thus, the discrepancy is ca. 10 %.

References

  1. Smith EL, Abbott AP, Ryder KS (2014) Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications. Chem Rev 114:11060–11082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Zhang Q, De Oliveira Vigier K, Royer S, Jérôme F (2012) Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 41:7108–7146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Endres F, MacFarlane D, Abbott A (2008) Electrodeposition from ionic liquids. Wiley VCH

  4. Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK, Tambyrajah V (2003) Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures. Chem Commun:70–71

  5. Paiva A, Craveiro R, Aroso I, Martins M, Reis RL, Duarte ARC (2014) Natural deep eutectic solvents—solvents for the twenty-first century. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1063–1071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Abbott AP, McKenzie KJ (2006) Application of ionic liquids to the electrodeposition of metals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 8:4265–4279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Abbott AP, Ryder KS, König U (2008) Electrofinishing of metals using eutectic based ionic liquids. Trans Inst Met Finish 86:196–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Abbott AP, El Ttaib K, Ryder KS, Smith EL (2008) Electrodeposition of nickel using eutectic based ionic liquids. Trans Inst Met Finish 86:234–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ghareh Bagh FS, Shahbaz K, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM (2015) Zinc (II) chloride-based deep eutectic solvents for application as electrolytes: preparation and characterization. J Mol Liq 204:76–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Abbott AP, Ballantyne A, Harris RC, Juma JA, Ryder KS, Forrest G (2015) A comparative study of nickel electrodeposition using deep eutectic solvents and aqueous solutions. Electrochim Acta 176:718–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Protsenko VS, Danilov FI (2014) Chromium electroplating from trivalent chromium baths as an environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous hexavalent chromium baths: comparative study on advantages and disadvantages. Clean Techn Environ Policy 16:1201–1206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Protsenko V, Danilov F (2009) Kinetics and mechanism of chromium electrodeposition from formate and oxalate solutions of Cr(III) compounds. Electrochim Acta 54:5666–5672

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK (2004) Ionic liquid analogues formed from hydrated metal salts. Chem Eur J 10:3769–3774

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Abbott AP, Al-Barzinjy AA, Abbott PD, Frish G, Harris RC, Hartley J (2014) Ryder K.S., speciation, physical and electrolytic properties of eutectic mixtures based on CrCl3·6H2O and urea. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:9047–9055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ferreira ESC, Pereira CM, Silva AF (2013) Electrochemical studies of metallic chromium electrodeposition from a Cr(III) bath. J Electroanal Chem 707:52–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mares ML, Ciocirlan O, Cojocaru A, Anicai L (2013) Physico-chemical and electrochemical studies in choline chloride based ionic liquid analogues containing trivalent chromium chloride. Revista de Chimie (Bucharest) 64:815–824

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. McCalman DC, Sun L, Zhang Y, Brennecke JF, Maginn EJ, Schneider WF (2015) Speciation, conductivities, diffusivities, and electrochemical reduction as a function of water content in mixtures of hydrated chromium chloride/choline chloride. J Phys Chem B 119:6018–6023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shah D, Mjalli FS (2014) Effect of water on the thermo-physical properties of reline: an experimental and molecular simulation based approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:23900–23907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Protsenko VS, Kityk AA, Shaiderov DA, Danilov FI (2015) Effect of water content on physicochemical properties and electrochemical behavior of ionic liquids containing choline chloride, ethylene glycol and hydrated nickel chloride. J Mol Liq 212:716–722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bobrova LS, Danilov FI, Protsenko VS (2016) Effects of temperature and water content on physicochemical properties of ionic liquids containing CrCl3·xH2O and choline chloride. J Mol Liq 223:48–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mjalli FS, Naser J, Jibril B, Alizadeh V, Gano Z (2014) Tetrabutylammonium chloride based ionic liquid analogues and their physical properties. J Chem Eng Data 59:2242–2251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Abbott AP (2004) Application of hole theory to the viscosity of ionic and molecular liquids. ChemPhysChem 5:1242–1246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Abbott AP, Barron JC, Ryder KS, Wilson D (2007) Eutectic-based ionic liquids with metal-containing anions and cations. Chem Eur J 13:6495–6501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bockris JO'M, Reddy AKN (2002) Modern electrochemistry, vol. 1 (Ionics). Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  25. Abbott AP, Boothby D, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK (2004) Deep eutectic solvents formed between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 126:9142–9147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin Ave., 8, Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine

    V. S. Protsenko, L. S. Bobrova & F. I. Danilov

Authors
  1. V. S. Protsenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. S. Bobrova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. I. Danilov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. S. Protsenko.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PDF 129 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Protsenko, V.S., Bobrova, L.S. & Danilov, F.I. Physicochemical properties of ionic liquid mixtures containing choline chloride, chromium (III) chloride and water: effects of temperature and water content. Ionics 23, 637–643 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1826-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1826-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation