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An Empirical Assessment of the Interactionist Model: The Relationship Between Household Income and Depression Among Retirees in Korea

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Abstract

The debate over the causal direction of the social cause theory, which emphasizes the impact of the socioeconomic environment, and the social choice theory, which highlights individual characteristics, is important in that it affects overall public policy and practice intervention in conjunction with the mainstream societal welfare paradigm. This debate over whether income affects health, or health affects income, has recently surfaced in Korea. In this context, this study investigates the longitudinal relationship between retirees’ household income and depression from an interactionist perspective. The data were obtained from the 4th (2011), 5th (2013), and 6th (2015) waves of the Korean Retirement and Income Study Panel. An autoregressive cross-lagged analysis was conducted using a sample of 3,987 retirees who had work experience. The results show that retirees’ early income status and depression are largely maintained over time. The results also indicate a reciprocal relationship between retirees’ family income and depression. Together, these findings support the interactionist model, as the association between retirees’ family income and depression involves reciprocity and mutual influence across time. The findings also have major implications for policy and interventions with regard to family income and the health of retirees.

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Notes

  1. Kim et al., (2000) reported that the factor structure of the CES-D did not vary much across age groups, and this study applied the results of the survey conducted on elderly people aged 60 or older.

  2. In the CES-D, scores higher than 16 out of a total 60 points are classified as depressive states. We did not classify such scores as depressive states but added them for use as continuous variables.

  3. The reason why the average of major variables change with time is related to various factors such as panel characteristics, age effects or other external events, and overrepresentation of a specific group. In this regard, a separate study (e.g., Latent Growth Curve Model) is needed to link the social flow or policy situation at each point in time. An interpretation close to inference was attempted, but not a strict interpretation of the changes in the average values of income and health variables, which are the main variables of this study

  4. Model 7, which was finally selected in this study, is not an absolutely perfect model. However, its selection means that it was judged as the best in comparison with various alternative models, including the base model.

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Acknowledgements

This work is a revised and supplemented version of the paper presented at the 6th Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) conference.

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  1. Policy Research Team, Incheon Metropolitan City Public Agency for Social Service, 229, Gyeongin-ro, Michulhol-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea

    Woong Lee

  2. PhD student, Interdisciplinary program in Social Welfare policy, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Ran Im

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Lee, W., Im, R. An Empirical Assessment of the Interactionist Model: The Relationship Between Household Income and Depression Among Retirees in Korea. Applied Research Quality Life 18, 729–751 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10096-2

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