Abstract
Little is known about how people decide to use psychedelics to self-treat depression and anxiety, though the practice is growing. We explored online community discussions of members’ decisions around self-treatment with psychedelics for depression or anxiety. We used constructivist grounded theory to select and analyze 98 members’ posts across 95 discussion threads (99, 552 words) and identified a four-stage decision-making model. In stage one, decision-making began after dissatisfaction with standard mental health treatment. In stage two, members considered various psychedelic self-treatment options but explained that information was limited. In stage three, they engaged in trial and error when making decisions, despite uncertainties around safety. In stage four, they continued or discontinued self-treatment. Those who continued adapted their practice to their evolving treatment needs. Firsthand and peers’ experiences informed decisions. Available scientific evidence initially validated the psychedelic self-treatment but were not instructive. Many avoided healthcare and official information sources due to stigma and legal concerns. Research and knowledge translation efforts are needed to identify general concerns with self-treatment and provide user-informed decisional support to reduce harm and maximize benefit. Services supporting psychedelic self-treatment decisions can leverage our findings to create resources based on people’s lived experiences.
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Data Availability
Data supporting the manuscript's findings cannot be made publicly available. This limitation ensures the protection of online community members' privacy, adherence to the agreements with the respective communities, and compliance with ethical standards in online community research.
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Funding
This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Doctoral Research Award. The title of the project is “Decision-making around Self-treatment with Psychedelic for Depression and Anxiety: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study.” The funding application number is 413204.
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DTK conceived the study. All authors contributed to the study design. DTK performed material preparation and data collection. DTK led the analysis, and all authors contributed. DTK wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors contributed to subsequent versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conceptualization: DTK, JLB, BR CJS; methodology: DTK, JLB, BR CJS; formal analysis and investigation: DTK, JLB, BR CJS; writing—original draft preparation: DTK; writing—review and editing: DTK, JLB, BR CJS; funding acquisition: DTK; supervision: JLB., CJS.
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We conducted a retrospective study using publicly available online data. Following ethical guidelines for online data collection, we obtained approval from the University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Review Board (Protocol #39011).
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Appendix
Appendix
Search Strategy for Data Collection
“(psychedelic*|psych*|lsd|acid|lysergic|mushroom*|mush|mushies|psilocybin|psilo|psilos|shroom*|dmt|dimethyltryptamine|4-aco-dmt|aya|ayahausca|AL-LAD|ETH-LAD|1P|1P-LSD|micro|micro-dos*|microdos*|truffle*|tripping|tripp|trip*|entheogen*|entheogenic) + (anxiety|anxious|anxieties|GAD|panic|agoraphobia|SAD|affective|post-traumatic-stress|posttruamatic|PTSD|traumatic|depression*|depressive|depressed|disruptive|dysthymia)”.
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Kryszajtys, D.T., Bender, J.L., Rush, B. et al. Decision-Making around Psychedelics for Depression and Anxiety: a Model Based on Online Discussions. Int J Ment Health Addiction 22, 856–877 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01148-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01148-1