Abstract
Scientific issues relevant to interactions between aerosols and the Asian monsoon climate were discussed and evaluated at the 33rd “Forum of Science and Technology Frontiers” sponsored by the Department of Earth Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Major results are summarized in this paper. The East Asian monsoon directly affects aerosol transport and provides a favorable background circulation for the occurrence and development of persistent fog-haze weather. Spatial features of aerosol transport and distribution are also influenced by the East Asian monsoon on seasonal, inter-annual, and decadal scales. High moisture levels in monsoon regions also affect aerosol optical and radiative properties. Observation analyses indicate that cloud physical properties and precipitation are significantly affected by aerosols in China with aerosols likely suppressing local light and moderate rainfall, and intensifying heavy rainfall in southeast coastal regions. However, the detailed mechanisms behind this pattern still need further exploration. The decadal variation in the East Asian monsoon strongly affects aerosol concentrations and their spatial patterns. The weakening monsoon circulation in recent decades has likely helped to increase regional aerosol concentrations. The substantial increase in Chinese air pollutants has likely decreased the temperature difference between land and sea, which favors intensification of the weakening monsoon circulation. Constructive suggestions regarding future studies on aerosols and monsoons were proposed in this forum and key uncertain issues were also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman A S, Toon O B, Hobbs P V. 1995. A model for particle microphysics, turbulent mixing, and radiative transfer in the stratocumulus- topped marine boundary layer and comparisons with measurements. J Atmos Sci, 52: 1204–1236
Albrecht B. 1989. Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245: 1227–1230
Andreae M O, Rosenfeld D, Artaxo P, Costa A A, Frank G P, Longo K M, Silva-Dias M A F. 2004. Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science, 303: 1337–1341
Bollasina M A, Ming Y, Ramaswamy V. 2011. Anthropogenic aerosols and the weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Science, 334: 502–505
Che H Z, Zhang X Y, Chen H B, Damiri B, Goloub P, Li Z Q, Zhang X C, Wei Y, Zhou H G, Dong F, Li D P, Zhou T M. 2009. Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network. J Geophys Res, 114: D03206, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011030
Chin M. 2012. Dirtier air from a weaker monsoon. Nat Geosci, 5: 449–450
Ding A J, Fu C B, Yang X Q, Sun J N, Petäjä T, Kerminen V M, Wang T, Xie Y, Herrmann E, Zheng L F, Nie W, Liu Q, Wei X L, Kulmala M. 2013. Intense atmospheric pollution modifies weather: A case of mixed biomass burning wither fossil fuel combustion pollution in the eastern China. Atmos Chem Phys, 13: 10545–10554
Dong L, Zhou T J. 2014. The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature warming simulated by CMIP5 models during the 20th century: Competing forcing roles of GHGs and anthropogenic aerosols. J Clim, 27: 3348–3362
Dong L, Zhou T J, Wu B. 2014. Indian Ocean warming during 1958–2004 simulated by a climate system model and its mechanism. Clim Dyn, 42: 203–217
Fan J W, Zhang R Y, Tao W K, Mohr K I. 2008. Effects of aerosol optical properties on deep convective clouds and radiative forcing. J Geophys Res, 113: D08209, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009257
Fan J W, Yuan T L, Comstock J M, Ghan S, Khain A, Leung L R, Li Z Q, Martins V J, Ovchinnikov M. 2009. Dominant role by vertical wind shear in regulating aerosol effects on deep convective clouds. J Geophys Res, 114: D22206, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012352
Fan J W, Leung L R, Rosenfeld D, Chen Q, Li Z Q, Zhang J Q, Yan H R. 2013. Microphysical effects determine macrophysical response for aerosol impact on deep convective clouds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110: E4581–E4590
Fan X H, Chen H B, Xia X A. 2013. Progress in observation studies of atmospheric aerosol radiative properties in China (in Chinese). Chin J Atmos Sci, 37: 477–498
Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey D W, Haywood J, Lean J, Lowe D C, Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van Dorland R. 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Climate Chang. 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press
Guo Q Y. 1983. The summer monsoon index in East Asia and its variation (in Chinese). Acta Geogr Sin, 38: 207–217
Guo S, Hu M, Zamora M L, Peng J F, Shang D J, Zheng J, Du Z F, Wu Z J, Shao M, Zeng L M, Molina M J, Zhang R Y. 2014. Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 111: 17373–17378
He B, Bao Q, Li J D, Wu G X, Liu Y M, Wang X C, Sun Z B. 2013. Influences of external forcing changes on the summer cooling trend over East Asia. Clim Change, 117: 829–841
Hu Z Z. 1997. Interdecadal variability of summer climate over East Asia and its association with 500-hPa height and global sea surface temperature. J Geophys Res, 102: 19403–19412
Huang J P, Minnis R, Chen B, Huang Z W, Liu Z Y, Zhao Q Y, Yi Y H, Ayers J K. 2008a. Long-range transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX. J Geophys Res, 113: D23212, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010620
Huang J P, Zhang W, Zuo J Q, Bi J R, Shi J S, Wang X, Chang Z L, Huang Z W, Yang S, Zhang B D, Wang G Y, Feng G H, Yuan J Y, Zhang L, Zuo H C, Wang S G, Fu C B, Chou J F. 2008b. An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the Loess Plateau. Adv Atmos Sci, 25: 906–921
Huang J P, Wang T H, Wang W C, Li Z Q, Yan H R. 2014. Climate effect of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semi-arid regions. J Geophys Res, 119: 11398–11416
Huang R H. 2004. Advances of the project of the formation mechanism and prediction theory of severe climatic disaster in China (in Chinese). China Basic Sci, 6: 6–16
Huang R H, Chen J L, Huang G. 2007. Characteristics and variations of the East Asian monsoon system and its impacts on climate disasters in China. Adv Atmos Sci, 24: 993–1023
Huang Y, Dickinson R E, Chameides W L. 2006. Impact of aerosol indirect effect on surface temperature over East Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103: 4371–4376
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2013. Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press
Jiang Y Q, Liu X H, Yang X Q, Wang M H. 2013. A numerical study of the effect of different aerosol types on East Asian summer clouds and precipitation. Atmos Environ, 70: 51–63
Khain A P, BenMoshe N, Pokrovsky A. 2008. Factors determining the impact of aerosols on surface precipitation from clouds: An attempt at classification. J Atmos Sci, 65: 1721–1748
Koren I, Martins J V, Remer L A, Afargan H. 2008. Smoke invigoration versus inhibition of clouds over the Amazon. Science, 321: 946–949
Lau K M, Kim M K. 2006. Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing—The role of the Tibetan Plateau. Clim Dyn, 26: 855–864
Lee K H, Li Z Q, Wong M S, Xin J Y, Wang Y S, Hao W M, Zhao F S. 2007. Aerosol single scattering albedo estimated across China from a combination of ground and satellite measurements. J Geophys Res, 112: D22S15, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009077
Li G H, Wang Y, Lee K H, Diao Y W, Zhang R Y. 2008. Increased winter precipitation over the North Pacific from 1984–1994 to 1995–2005 inferred from the global precipitation climatology project. Geophys Res Lett, 35: L13821, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034668
Li H M, Dai A G, Zhou T J, Lu J. 2010. Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950–2000. Clim Dyn, 34: 501–514
Li J D, Sun Z A, Liu Y M, Li J N, Wang W C, Wu G X. 2012. A study on sulfate optical properties and direct radiative forcing using the LASG-IAP general circulation model. Adv Atmos Sci, 29: 1185–1199
Li J D, Wang W C, Sun Z A, Wu G X, Liao H, Liu Y M. 2014. Decadal variation of East Asian radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols during 1850–2100 and the role of atmospheric moisture. Clim Res, 61: 241–257
Li L J, Wang B, Zhou T J. 2007. Contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcings to the summer cooling over eastern China: An AGCM study. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L18807, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030541
Li Q, Zhang R H, Wang Y. 2015. Interannual variation of the wintertime fog-haze days across central and eastern China and its relation with East Asian winter monsoon. Int J Climatol, doi: 10.1002/joc.4350
Li W J, Shao L Y. 2009. Transmission electron microscopy study of aerosol particles from the brown hazes in northern China. J Geophys Res, 114: D09302, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011285
Li Z Q. 2004. Aerosol and climate: A perspective from East Asia. In: Observation, Theory, and Modeling of the Atmospheric Variability. Singapore: World Scientific. 501–525
Li Z Q, Chen H, Cribb M, Dickerson R, Holben B, Li C, Lu D, Luo Y, Maring H, Shi G, Tsay S C, Wang P, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng Y, Yuan T, Zhao F. 2007a. Preface to special section on East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols: An International Regional Experiment (EAST-AIRE). J Geophys Res, 112: D22S00, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008853
Li Z Q, Niu F, Lee K H, Xin J Y, Hao W M, Nordgren B, Wang Y S, Wang P C. 2007b. Validation and understanding of Moderate Resolution Imaging Specteroradiometer aerosol products (C5) using ground-based measurements from the handheld Sun photometer network in China. J Geophys Res, 112: D22S07, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008479
Li Z Q, Zhao X P, Kahn R, Mishchenko M, Remer L, Lee K H, Wang M, Laszlo I, Nakajima T, Maring H. 2009. Uncertainties in satellite remote sensing of aerosols and impact on monitoring its long-term trend: A review and perspective. Ann Geophys, 27: 1–16
Li Z Q, Lee K H, Wang Y S, Xin J Y, Hao W M. 2010. First observation-based estimates of cloud-free aerosol radiative forcing across China. J Geophys Res, 115: D00K18, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013306
Li Z Q, Niu F, Fan J W, Liu Y G, Rosenfeld D, Ding Y N. 2011a. The long-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation. Nat Geosci, 4: 888–894
Li Z Q, Li C, Chen H, Tsay S C, Holben B, Huang J, Li B, Maring H, Qian Y, Shi G, Xia X, Yin Y, Zheng Y, Zhuang G. 2011b. East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST-AIRC): An overview. J Geophys Res, 116: D00K34, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015257
Lin J C, Matsui T, Pielke R A, Kummerow C. 2006. Effects of biomass- burning-derived aerosols on precipitation and clouds in the Amazon Basin: A satellite-based empirical study. J Geophys Res, 111: D19204, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006884
Liu J J, Zheng Y F, Li Z Q, Flynn C, Cribb M. 2012. Seasonal variations of aerosol optical properties, vertical distribution and associated radiative effects in the Yangtze Delta region of China. J Geophys Res, 117: D00K38, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016490.
Liu X D, Yan L B, Yang P, Yin Z Y, North G R. 2011. Influence of Indian summer monsoon on aerosol loading in East Asia. J Appl Meteor Clim, 50: 523–533
Luo Y F, Lu D R, Zhou X J, Li W L, He Q. 2001. Characteristics of the spatial distribution and yearly variation of aerosol optical depth over China in last 30 years. J Geophys Res, 106: 14501–14513
Luo Y X, Zheng X B, Zhao T L, Chen J. 2014. A climatology of aerosol optical depth over China from recent 10 years of MODIS remote sensing data. Int J Climatol, 34: 863–870
Ma J Z, Xu X B, Zhao C S, Yan P. 2012. A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China: Photochemical smog, haze pollution, and gas-aerosol interactions. Adv Atmos Sci, 29: 1006–1026
Meehl G A, Arblaster J M, Collins W D. 2008. Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon. J Clim, 21: 2869–2882
Menon S, Hansen J E, Nazarenko L, Luo Y F. 2002. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science, 297: 2250–2253
Mu M, Zhang R H. 2014. Addressing the issue of fog and haze: A promising way of meteorological science and technology. Sci China Erath Sci, 57: 1–2
Myhre G, Shindell D, Bréon F M, Collins W, Fuglestvedt J, Huang J P, Koch D, Lamarque J F, Lee D, Mendoza B, Nakajima T, Robock A, Stephens G, Takemura T, Zhang H. 2013. Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In: Stocker T F, Qin D, Plattner G K, eds. Climate Chang. 2013. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press
Niu F, Li Z Q, Li C, Lee K H, Wang M Y. 2010. Increase of wintertime fog in China: Potential impacts of weakening of the Eastern Asian monsoon circulation and increasing aerosol loading. J Geophys Res, 115: D00k20, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013484
Niu F, Li Z Q. 2012. Systematic variations of cloud top temperature and precipitation rate with aerosols over the global tropics. Atmos Chem Phys, 12, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-8491-2012
Qian Y, Wang W G, Leung L R, Kaiser D P. 2007. Variability of solar radiation under cloud-free skies in China: The role of aerosols. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L12804, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028800
Qian Y, Gong D Y, Fan J W, Leung L R, Bennartz R, Chen D L, Wang W G. 2009. Heavy pollution suppresses light rain in China: Observations and modeling. J Geophys Res, 114: D00K02, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011575
Ramanathan V C P J, Crutzen P J, Kiehl J T, Rosenfeld D. 2001. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science, 294: 2119–2124
Rosenfeld D. 2000. Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution. Science, 287: 1793–1796
Rosenfeld D, Lohmann U, Raga G B, O’Dowd C D, Kulmala M, Fuzzi S, Reissell A, Andreae M O. 2008. Flood or drought: How do aerosols affect precipitation? Science, 321: 1309–1313
Shi G Y, Hayasaka T, Ohmura A, Chen Z H, Wang B, Zhao J Q, Che H Z, Xu L. 2008. Data quality assessment and the long-term trend of ground solar radiation in China. J Appl Meteorol, 47: 1006–1016
Shi Y J, Ge M F, Wang W G. 2012. Hygroscopicity of internally mixed aerosol particles containing benzoic acid and inorganic salts. Atmos Environ, 60: 9–17
Shindell D T, Lamarque J F, Schulz M, Flanner M, Jiao C, Chin M, Young P J, Lee Y H, Rotstayn L, Mahowald N, Milly G, Faluvegi G, Balkanski Y, Collins W J, Conley A J, Dalsoren S, Easter R, Ghan S, Horowitz L, Liu X, Myhre G, Nagashima T, Naik V, Rumbold S T, Skeie T, Sudo K, Szopa S, Takemura T, Voulgarakis A, Yoon J H, Lo F. 2013. Radiative forcing in the ACCMIP historical and future climate simulations. Atmos Chem Phys, 13: 2939–2974
Song F F, Zhou T J, Qian Y. 2014. Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to natural and anthropogenic forcings in the latest 17 CMIP5 models. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 596–603
Sun Y L, Jiang Q, Wang Z F, Fu P Q, Li J, Yang T, Yin Y. 2014. Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in Januar. 2013. J Geophys Res, 119: 4380–4398
Tao W K, Chen J P, Li Z Q, Wang C, Zhang C. 2012. Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation. Rev Geophys, 50, doi: 10.1029/2011RG000369
Twomey S. 1977. The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J Atmos Sci, 34: 1149–1152
Wang H J. 2001. The weakening of Asian monsoon circulation after the end of 1970’s. Adv Atmos Sci, 18: 376–386
Wang Y, Wan Q, Meng W, Liao F, Tan H, Zhang R. 2011. Long-term impacts of aerosols on precipitation and lightning over the Pearl River Delta megacity area in China. Atmos Chem Phys, 11: 12421–12436
Wang Y, Fan J W, Zhang R Y, Leung L R, Franklin C. 2013a. Improving bulk microphysics parameterizations in simulations of aerosol effects. J Geophys Res, 118: 5361–5379
Wang Y, Khalizov A, Levy M, Zhang R Y. 2013b. New Directions: Light absorbing aerosols and their atmospheric impacts. Atmos Environ, 81: 713–715
Wang Y, Zhang R Y, Saravanan R. 2014a. Asian pollution climatically modulates mid-latitude cyclones following hierarchical modelling and observational analysis. Nat Commun, 5. 3098. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4098
Wang Y, Wang M H, Zhang R Y, Ghan S J, Lin Y, Hu J X, Pan B W, Levy M, Jiang J H, Molina M J. 2014b. Assessing the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multi-scale global climate model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 111: 6894–6899
Wu D, Wu X J, Li F, Tan H B, Chen J, Cao Z Q, Sun X, Chen H H, Li H Y. 2010. Temporal and spatial variation of haze during 1951–2005 in Chinese mainland (in Chinese). Acta Meteorol Sin, 68: 680–688
Wu G X, Guan Y, Liu Y M, Yan J H, Mao J Y. 2012. Air-sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal. Clim Dyn, 38: 261–279
Xia X A, Chen H B, Philippe G, Zong X M, Zhang W X, Wang P C. 2013. Climatological aspects of aerosol optical properties in North China Plain based on ground and satellite remote-sensing data. J Quant Spectrosc Ra, 127: 12–23
Xin J Y, Wang Y S, Li Z Q, Wang P C, Wang S G, Wen T X, Sun Y. 2006. Introduction and calibration of the Chinese sun hazemeter network (in Chinese). Environ Sci, 27: 1697–1702
Xin J Y, Wang Y S, Li Z Q, Wang P C, Hao W M, Nordgren B L, Wang S G, Liu G R, Wang L L, Wen T X, Sun Y, Hu B. 2007. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent of aerosols observed by the Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network from August 2004 to Septembe. 2005. J Geophys Res, 112, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007075
Yan L B, Liu X D, Yang P, Yin Z, North G R. 2011. Study of the impact of summer monsoon circulation on spatial distribution of aerosols in east Asia based on numerical simulations. J Appl Meteor Climat, 50: 2270–2282
Yang X, Ferrat M, Li Z Q. 2013a. New evidence of orographic precipitation suppression by aerosols in central China. Meteor Atmos Phys, 119: 17–29
Yang X, Yao Z Y, Li Z Q, Fan T Y. 2013b. Heavy air pollution suppresses summer thunderstorms in central China. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phy, 95-96: 28–40
Yang X, Li Z Q. 2014. Increases in thunderstorm activity and relationships with air pollution in southeast China. J Geophys Res, 119: 1835–1844
Yu R C, Wang B, Zhou T J. 2004. Tropospheric cooling and summer monsoon weakening trend over East Asia. Geophys Res Lett, 31: L22212, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021270
Yu R C, Zhou T J. 2007. Seasonality and three dimensional structure of the interdecadal change in East Asian monsoon. J Clim, 20: 5344–5355
Yu R C, Zhou T J, Li J, Xin X G. 2008. Progress in the studies of three-dimensional structure of interdecadal climate change over eastern China (in Chinese). Chin J Atmos Sci, 32: 893–905
Zhang H, Wang Z L, Guo P W. 2009. A modeling study of the effects of direct radiative forcing due to carbonaceous aerosol on the climate in East Asia. Adv Atmos Sci, 26: 57–66
Zhang H, Wang Z L, Wang Z Z, Liu Q X, Gong S L, Zhang X Y, Shen Z P, Lu P, Wei X D, Che H Z, Li L. 2012. Simulation of direct radiative forcing of aerosols and their effects on east Asian climate using an interactive AGCM-aerosol coupled system. Clim Dyn, 38: 1675–1693
Zhang L, Ding Y H, Ren G Y. 2005. Variation of dust weather and its climatic attribution analysis in northern part of China (in Chinese). J Appl Meteorol Sci, 16: 583–592
Zhang L, Liao H, Li J P. 2010a. Impacts of Asian summer monsoon on seasonal and interannual variations of aerosols over eastern China. J Geophys Res, 115: D00K05, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012299
Zhang L, Liao H, Li J P. 2010b. Impact of the southeast Asian summer monsoon strength on the outflow of aerosols from South Asia. Ann Geophys, 28: 277–287
Zhang L, Henze D K, Grell G A, Carmichael G R. 2012. Assessment of the sources, distribution and climate impacts of black carbon aerosol over Asia using GEOS-Chem and WRF-Chem. 2012 AGU Fall Meeting
Zhang Q, Streets D G, Carmichael G R, He K B, Huo H, Kannari A, Klimont Z, Park I S, Reddy S, Fu J S, Chen D, Duan L, Lei Y, Wang L T, Yao Z L. 2009. Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmos Chem Phys, 9: 5131–5153
Zhang R H, Li Q, Zhang R N. 2014. Meteorological conditions for the persistent severe fog and haze event over eastern China in Januar. 2013. Sci China Earth Sci, 57: 26–35
Zhang R Y, Suh I, Zhao J, Zhang D, Fortner E C, Tie X X, Molina L T, Molina M J. 2004. Atmospheric new particle formation enhanced by organic acids. Science, 304: 1487–1490
Zhang R Y, Li G H, Fan J W, Wu D L, Molina M J. 2007. Intensification of Pacific storm track linked to Asian pollution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104: 5295–5299
Zhang R Y, Khalizov A F, Pagels J, Zhang D, Xue H X, McMurry P H. 2008. Variability in morphology, hygroscopic and optical properties of soot aerosols during internal mixing in the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105: 10291–10296
Zhang R Y. 2010. Getting to the critical nucleus of aerosol formation. Science, 328: 1366–1367
Zhang R Y, Khalizov A, Wang L, Hu M, Xu W. 2012. Nucleation and growth of nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Chem Rev, 112: 1957–2011
Zhang X Y, Arimoto R, An Z S, Chen T, Zhang G Y, Zhu G H, Wang X F. 1993. Atmospheric trace elements over source regions for Chinese dust: Concentrations, sources and atmospheric deposition on the Loess Plateau. Atmos Environ, 27: 2051–2067
Zhang R Y. 2015. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev, 115: 3803–3855
Zhang X Y, Arimoto R, An Z S. 1997. Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation. J Geophys Res, 102: 28041–28047
Zhang X Y, Cao J J, Li L M, Arimoto R, Cheng Y, Huebert B, Wang D. 2002a. Characterization of atmospheric aerosol over Xian in the South Margin of the Loess Plateau, China. Atmos Environ, 36: 4189–4199
Zhang X Y, Lu H Y, Arimoto R, Gong S L. 2002b. Atmospheric dust loadings and their relationship to rapid oscillations of the Asian winter monsoon climate: Two 250-kyr loess records. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 202: 637–643
Zhang X Y, Gong S L, Shen Z X, Mei F M, Xi X X, Liu L C, Zhou Z J, Wang D, Wang Y Q, Cheng Y. 2003. Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and itstransport/distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia. 1. Network Observations. J Geophys Res, 108. 4261. doi: 10.1029/1004 2002JD002632
Zhang X Y, Wang Y Q, Zhang X C, Guo W, Gong S L. 2008a. Carbonaceous aerosol composition over various regions of China durin. 2006. J Geophys Res, 113: D14111, doi: 14110.11029/12007JD009525
Zhang X Y, Wang Y Q, Zhang X C, Guo W, Niu T, Gong S L, Yin Y, Zhao P, Jin J L, Yu M. 2008b. Aerosol monitoring at multiple locations in China: Contributions of EC and dust to aerosol light absorption. Tellus Ser B-Chem Phys Meteorol, 60: 647–656
Zhang X Y, Wang Y Q, Niu T, Zhang X C, Gong S L, Zhang Y M, Sun J Y. 2012. Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: Spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols. Atmos Chem Phys, 11: 26571–26615
Zhang X Y, Sun J Y, Wang Y Q, Li W J, Zhang Q, Wang W G, Quan J N, Cao G L, Wang J Z, Yang Y Q, Zhang Y M. 2013. Factors contributing to haze and fog in China. Chin Sci Bull, 58: 1178–1187
Zhang Y H, Hu M, Zhong L J, Wiedensohler A, Liu S C, Andreae M O, Wang W, Fan S J. 2008. Regional integrated experiments on air quality over Pearl River Delta 2004 (PRIDE-PRD2004): Overview. Atmos Environ, 42: 6157–6173
Zhao X J, Zhao P S, Xu J, Meng W, Pu W W, Dong F, He D, Shi Q F. 2013. Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain. Atmos Chem Phys, 13: 5685–5696
Zheng G J, Duan F K, Su H, Ma Y L, Cheng Y, Zheng B, Zhang Q, Huang T, Kimoto T, Chang D, Pöschl U, Cheng Y F, He K B. 2014. Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: The impact of synoptic weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions. Atmos Chem Phys, 15: 2969–2983
Zhou T J, Yu R C, Li H M, Wang B. 2008. Ocean forcing to changes in global monsoon precipitation over the recent half-century. J Clim, 21: 3833–3852
Zhou T J, Gong D Y, Li J, Li B. 2009a. Detecting and understanding the multi-decadal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon-Recent progress and state of affairs. Meteorol Z, 18: 455–467
Zhou T J, Yu R C, Zhang J, Drange H, Cassou C, Deser C, Hodson D L R, Sanchez-Gomez E, Li J, Keenlyside N, Xin X G, Okumura Y. 2009b. Why the western Pacific subtropical high has extended westward since the late 1970s. J Clim, 22: 2199–2215
Zhou T J, Song F, Lin R, Chen X Chen X. 2013. The 2012 North China floods: Explaining an extreme rainfall event in the context of a long-term drying tendency [in “Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective”]. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc, 94: S1–S74
Zhu J L, Liao H, Li J P. 2012. Increases in aerosol concentrations over eastern China due to the decadal-scale weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon. Geophys Res Lett, 39: L09809, doi: 10.1029/2012GL051428
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, G., Li, Z., Fu, C. et al. Advances in studying interactions between aerosols and monsoon in China. Sci. China Earth Sci. 59, 1–16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5198-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5198-z