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Low-molecular-weight aromatic acids mediated the adsorption of Cd2+ onto biochars: effects and mechanisms

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Abstract

Low-molecular-weight aromatic acids (LWMAAs), a ubiquitous organic substance in natural systems, are important in controlling the environmental fate of potentially toxic metals. However, little is known about the effects of LWMAAs on the interactions between biochars and potentially toxic metals. Herein, the influences of three aromatic acids, including benzoic acid (BA), p-hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA), and syringic acid (SA), on the adsorption of Cd2+ onto biochars generated at three different pyrolysis temperatures under acidic and neutral conditions were examined. Generally, the adsorption ability of biochars for Cd2+ improved with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which was ascribed to the increased inorganic element contents (e.g., P, S, and Si) and aromaticity, increasing the complexation between mineral anions and metal ions, and the enhanced cation-π interaction. Interestingly, aromatic acids considerably inhibited the adsorption of Cd2+ onto biochars, which was mainly ascribed to multi-mechanisms, including competition of LWMAA molecules and metal ions for adsorption sites, the pore blocking effect, the weakened interaction between mineral anions and Cd2+ induced by the adsorbed aromatic acids, and the formation of water-soluble metal-aromatic acid complexes. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of LWMAAs on Cd2+ adsorption intensively depended on the aromatic acid type and followed the order of SA > PHBA > BA. This trend was related to the differences in the physicochemical features (e.g., the octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) and molecular size) of diverse LMWAAs. The results of this study demonstrate that the effects of coexisting LMWAAs should not be ignored when biochars are applied in soil remediation and wastewater treatment.

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The authors declare that all relevant data supporting the findings of this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Open Project of Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater and Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province.

Funding

This project was supported by the Open Project of Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater (801KF2022-2), Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province (Grant 23A610001), and Henan University post-doctoral start-up research funds (Grant CJ3050A0670001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, No. 801 Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Brigade, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250353, China

    Zhiqiang Zhao, Shuai Gao, Lixia Li, Shenting Gang & Minghui Lv

  2. Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China

    Jiuyan Chen, Usman Farooq & Zhichong Qi

  3. College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China

    Taotao Lu

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  5. Lixia Li
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  6. Usman Farooq
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  7. Shenting Gang
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  8. Minghui Lv
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  9. Zhichong Qi
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Zhichong Qi designed all experiments; Zhiqiang Zhao and Jiuyan Chen performed experiments; Shuai Gao and Taotao Lu performed the integrated data analysis. Lixia Li and Usman Farooq performed chemical analysis. Shenting Gang and Minghui Lv interpreted the data. Zhichong Qi wrote the manuscript. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhichong Qi.

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Zhao, Z., Chen, J., Gao, S. et al. Low-molecular-weight aromatic acids mediated the adsorption of Cd2+ onto biochars: effects and mechanisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 15597–15610 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32253-w

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