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Environmental regulation, renewable electricity, industrialization, economic complexity, technological innovation, and sustainable environment: testing the N-shaped EKC hypothesis for the G-10 economies

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Abstract

This study examines the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and the role of environmental regulation, renewable electricity, industrialization, economic complexity, and technological innovation in sustainable environment for the G-10 economies, namely, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the USA, from 1994 to 2020. We employed CS-ARDL (cross-sectional augmented distributed lag (CS-ARDL), FMOLS (fully modified ordinary least squares), and DOLS (dynamic ordinary least squares) for the analysis of the data. The estimates confirm the N-shaped EKC hypothesis between the GDP and CO2 emission. Moreover, the long-run estimates exhibit that environmental tax, renewable electricity, economic complexity, and technological innovation have negative effect on CO2 emission, while GDP, industrialization and arable land have positive effect on CO2 emission. Based on these findings, we propose that governments must implement large-scale government plans and initiatives to encourage the development of environmentally friendly technologies and ideas based on renewable energy. Moreover, further growing renewable energy, environmental policies like a carbon tax, investments in green technologies, subsidies, and rewards for renewable energy infrastructure investment should be taken into account.

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Data availability

The dataset used during the current study is available from the author on request.

Abbreviations

EKC:

Environmental Kuznets curve

CS-ARDL:

Cross-sectional augmented distributed lag

FMOLS:

Fully modified ordinary least squares

DOLS:

Dynamic ordinary least squares

CO2:

Carbon emission

SDGs:

Sustainable development goals

TI:

Technological innovation

ARDL:

Autoregressive distributed lag

EC:

Economic complexity

REG:

Renewable energy electricity generation

GDP:

Gross domestic product

RE:

Renewable energy

GMM:

Generalized method of moments

USA:

United States of America

ET:

Environmental tax

RNE:

Renewable electricity

IND:

Industrialization

AL:

Arable land

CSD:

Cross-sectional dependence

D–H:

Dumitrescu and Hurlin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Aman Ullah, Saeedullah Khan, Khambai Khamjalas, Mahtab Ahmad & Ali Hassan

  2. Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Ijaz Uddin

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  1. Aman Ullah
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  2. Saeedullah Khan
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  3. Khambai Khamjalas
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  4. Mahtab Ahmad
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  5. Ali Hassan
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Contributions

Aman Ullah and Saeedullah Khan: data curation; writing—original draft preparation; methodology; software. Khambai Khamjalas and Mahtab Ahmad: writing—literature review, reviewing and editing. Ali Hassan: validation, visualization. Ijaz Uddin: supervision, editing, conceptualization.

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Correspondence to Saeedullah Khan.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

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Table 10 Granger causality
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Ullah, A., Khan, S., Khamjalas, K. et al. Environmental regulation, renewable electricity, industrialization, economic complexity, technological innovation, and sustainable environment: testing the N-shaped EKC hypothesis for the G-10 economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 99713–99734 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29188-z

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