Abstract
Organic fertilization and mycorrhization can increase the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils. The time of vermicomposting alters the properties of vermicompost, which can affect copper’s availability and uptake. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the effect of different organic fertilizers and mycorrhization on copper-contaminated soil phytoremediation. The soil was contaminated with 100 mg Cu kg−1 dry soil and received mineral fertilizer (MIN), bovine manure (CM), and vermicompost produced in 45 days (V45) or 120 days (V120), all in doses equivalent to 40 mg kg−1 dry soil of phosphorus. Half of the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) plants were inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus. At plant flowering, the dry mass and concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg, P, and K in the soil, solution, and plant tissue were determined, in addition to mycorrhizal colonization, nodulation, photosynthetic pigments, and oxidative stress enzyme activity. Organic fertilization increased plant growth and copper accumulation in aerial tissues. These effects were more evident with the V120, making it suitable for use in copper phytoextraction. Mycorrhization increased root and nodule dry mass, making it recommended for phytostabilization. C. ensiformis nodulation in Cu-contaminated soils depends on vermicompost fertilization and mycorrhization. Hence, the copper phytoremediation by C. ensiformis is increased by using organic fertilization and mycorrhization.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Tauiris Santos Rangel, Natielo Almeida Santana, and Rodrigo Ferraz Ramos. The review of the work, funding acquisition, and supervision was carried out by Andressa de Oliveira Silveira and Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques. Ezequiel Koppe, Luciane Almeri Tabaldi, and Douglas Leandro Scheid helped in carrying out the physical and chemical analyzes and in writing the article. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Tauiris Santos Rangel, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Table S1 - Nutrient content in the shoot of Canavalia ensiformis after growth in a sandy soil contaminated with 100 mg kg-1 of Cu that received mineral fertilization (MIN), bovine manure (CM), vermicompost produced in 45 days (V45) or in 120 days (V120), with and without inoculation of the plants with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Fig.S2 Principal component analysis (PCA) considering the following variables: copper (CuS), zinc (ZnS), manganese (MnS), potassium (KS), calcium (CaS), magnesium (MgS), nitrogen (NS), phosphorus (PS), and iron (FeS) concentrations in the shoot; Cu in the root (CuR); available Cu, Zn, Mn, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Fe in the soil solid phase; Cu (CuSol), Zn (ZnSol), Mn (MnSol), P (PSol), electrical conductivity (Cond), and pH in the soil solution; dry mass of shoot (Shoot), root (Root) and nodules (Nodule); activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD); total chlorophyll (Chltot), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), and carotenoid (Carot) concentrations in Canavalia ensiformis. Fig.S3 Cultivation of Canavalia ensiformis in a sandy soil contaminated with 100 mg kg-1 of Cu that received mineral fertilization (MIN), bovine manure (CM), vermicompost produced in 45 days (V45) or in 120 days (V120), with and without inoculation of the plants with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. (DOCX 549 kb)
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Rangel, T.S., Santana, N.A., Jacques, R.J.S. et al. Organic fertilization and mycorrhization increase copper phytoremediation by Canavalia ensiformis in a sandy soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 68271–68289 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27126-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27126-7