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Modelling wellbeing of farmers by using nexus of climate change risk perception, adaptation strategies, and their drivers on irrigation water in Pakistan

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Abstract

This study aimed to determine the farmers’ perceived impact of climate change on irrigation water and the adaptation measure adopted to mitigate its adverse effects. A binary logistic regression model was used to identified factors affecting the selection of adaptation measures. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to compute the benefits of adaptation strategies. The study was conducted in two major cropping systems, i.e., the Cotton Wheat Cropping System (CWCS) and Rice Wheat Cropping System (RWCS) of Punjab, Pakistan, using primary data of 1080 farmers collected through a multistage sampling technique. Due to climate change there was deterioration in surface water and groundwater quality in CWCS than in RWCS. The farmer uses different adaptation strategies like water harvesting, crop diversification, increasing use of irrigation, laser land leveling to save water, making ridges, building a water harvesting scheme, changing irrigation time, high-efficiency irrigation system and water-saving technologies. Adaptation strategies used by farmer were affected by different socioeconomic, demographic and agronomic factors. Results of the binary logistic regression showed that age, farming experience, education, household size, farm size, tenancy status of owner, access to farm credit, information on weather forecasting, soil quality, tube well ownership, remittances, off-farm income, agricultural extension services provided for irrigation water, and information on climatic and natural hazards played a significant role in the selection of adaptation strategies for irrigation water. Results of PLS-SEM showed that adaptation strategies mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on irrigation water. Farmers’ awareness regarding the impact of climatic variability on irrigation water should be enhanced. Availability of credit to farmers should be improved on easy terms to facilitate the adoption of interventions for better irrigation water management. It is high time for policymakers to design effective, affordable, and workable policies to mitigate climate change vulnerabilities against irrigation water to improve the wellbeing of the farmers.

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Data availability

Data are available upon request to the corresponding author Dr. Muhammad Usman, Email: usmanghani99@hotmail.com

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Punjab Irrigation Department for their help in selecting canal distributaries in the study area. We also thank the department of agricultural extension Punjab, enumerators and farmers for their time, efforts, and participation in the data collection process.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Usman, Asghar Ali, Muhammad Khalid Bashir, Khalid Mushtaq & Azhar Abbas

  2. Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Sajjad Ahmad Baig & Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal

  3. Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Rimsha Akram

Authors
  1. Muhammad Usman
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  2. Asghar Ali
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  3. Muhammad Khalid Bashir
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  4. Sajjad Ahmad Baig
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  5. Khalid Mushtaq
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  6. Azhar Abbas
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  7. Rimsha Akram
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  8. Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal
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Contributions

Muhammad Usman, Asghar Ali, and Muhammad Khalid Bashir: planned, conceptualized, and conducted the research and formal analysis, and contributed in writing—original draft. Khalid Mushtaq and Rimsha Akram contributed in review and editing. Azhar Ali provided guidelines throughout research work and proofread the manuscript. Sajjad Ahmad Baig and Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal assisted in data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad Usman.

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Ethics approval

This study has been approved by the Ethical Review Committee, Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.

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Informed written consent was taken voluntarily from each eligible participant.

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All authors approved the final version to be submitted for publication.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Usman, M., Ali, A., Bashir, M.K. et al. Modelling wellbeing of farmers by using nexus of climate change risk perception, adaptation strategies, and their drivers on irrigation water in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 49930–49947 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25883-z

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