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Effect of salinity on zinc toxicity (ZnCl2 and ZnO nanomaterials) in the mosquitofish (Gambusia sexradiata)

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Abstract

Zn is an essential trace metal in living beings. However, excessive concentrations can cause toxic effects even in the aquatic biota. Zn is widely used in different industrial sectors, which has increased its presence in aquatic environments. To assess the acute toxicity of Zn, bioassays were performed with the fish Gambusia sexradiata for a 96-h exposure using ZnCl2 (0 and 15 salinity) and ZnO nanomaterials (0 salinity). The mean lethal concentrations (LC50–96 h) for ZnCl2 were 25.36 (19.64–32.76) and 177.91 (129.39–244.63) mg Zn L−1 to 0 and 15 salinity, respectively. The increased concentration of ZnCl2 showed a dose-response relationship; similarly, the increase in salinity significantly reduces the toxicity of Zn. Characterisation of ZnO nanomaterials was carried out by FTIR, DRX, SEM, DLS and zeta potential. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic band of Zn-O vibration at 364 cm−1, while DRX presents the hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of 40 nm. SEM micrographs reveal rod-like shapes with lengths and diameters of 40–350 nm and 90 nm, respectively. Agglomerates of 423 nm in water suspension were obtained by DLS and zeta potential of + 14.4 mV. Under these conditions, no mortality was observed due to the rapid flocculation/precipitation of ZnO nanomaterials, which involved brief interaction periods of Zn in the water column with the fish. Gambusia sexradiata is affected by increased Zn concentrations in hard water conditions, and salinity changes modified Zn toxicity, placing it as a suitable model for toxicity tests for this type of particles.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the Tabasco Research Center for Applied Science and Technology Laboratory (CICTAT) of the DAIA-UJAT; Cunduacán-Tabasco for analytical support; Dr. Lenin Arias-Rodríguez and Mr. Román and his sons for their assistance in the capture of organisms; and Biol. Juanita M. Santos-Córdova, Brenda Marín-Olan, Aurora Torres-Hernández, José Fernando Hidalgo de la O, Alondra Galicia-Alfaro and Lizzcie Yazmin Garmon-Hernández for their assistance during the laboratory work. Thanks to E. Núñez-Jìménez for English improvement of this msm. We thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve this manuscript.

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The authors received funding provided by the Programa para el Desarrollo del Profesional Docente-Secretaría de Educación Pública (PRODEP-SEP) through the UJAT-PTC-283 project.

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  1. División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico

    Alejandra Pérez-López, Gabriel Núñez-Nogueira, Carlos Alfonso Álvarez-González, Susana De la Rosa-García, Melina Uribe-López & Emyr Saúl Peña-Marín

  2. Laboratorio Nacional de Nano y Biomateriales (LANNBIO)/Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINVESTAV-Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Apdo, Km. 6, postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Patricia Quintana

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Pérez-López, A., Núñez-Nogueira, G., Álvarez-González, C.A. et al. Effect of salinity on zinc toxicity (ZnCl2 and ZnO nanomaterials) in the mosquitofish (Gambusia sexradiata). Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 22441–22450 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08851-9

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