Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of certain fatty acids and toxic metal bioaccumulation in various tissues of three fish species that are consumed by Turkish people

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Concentrations of toxic metals (Mn, Ni, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr) in the muscle, skin, and liver of Mugil cephalus, Mullus barbatus, and Pagellus erythrinus which were purchased in large supermarkets of Elazig, and Mullus barbatus, which were caught on the sea of İskenderun Bay, Turkey, were analyzed. Fundamental analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after samples were prepared by microwave digestion. Mean metal concentrations in different tissues were varied in the ranges of Cd 4–426, Cr 116–4458, Mn 141–24774, Hg 9–471, Pb 96–695, and Ni 68–6581 μg kg−1, for wet weight. The investigated metal bioaccumulation in the muscles of fish species, in general, was lower than those in the liver and skin. This method was verified by NCS ZC73016 chicken trace element-certified reference material analysis. In addition, fatty acids in the muscles of three fish species were analyzed. According to the gas chromatography (GC) results of fatty acids, the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were found to be between 23.76 and 31.97%. The fatty acids’ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio was found to be between 13.67 and 30.71% and saturated fatty acids ratios were determined in the range of 24.06–32.30%. In all fish species, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio, which increase the value of these fish species, were high. These results show that these three fish species are good sources of fatty acids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agah H, Leermakers M, Elskens M, Fatemi SMR, Baeyens W (2007) Total mercury and methyl mercury concentrations in fish from the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Water. Air Soil Poll 181(1–4):95–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2008) Regulation of setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in Foodstuffs. Official Gazette, 17 May 2008, Issue 24908

  • Arain MB, Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Afridi HI, Jalbani N (2008) Total dissolved and bioavailable metals in water and sediment samples and their accumulation in Oreochromis mossambicus of polluted Manchar Lake. Chemosphere 70:1845–1856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2007b) Toxguide for lead. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta (GA)

  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2008) Draft toxicological profile for cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta (GA)

    Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2010) CERCLA Priority list of hazardous substances for 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • Aydin D, Tokalioglu S (2015) Trace metals in tissues of the six most common fish species in the Black Sea, Turkey. Food Addit Contam B 8(1):25–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • British Nutrition Foundation (1992) Unsaturated fatty acid: nutritional and physiological significance: the report of the British Nutrition Foundation's task force. First edition, London ; New York : Published by Chapman & Hall for the British Nutrition Foundation, 1992

  • Canli M, Atli G (2003) The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species. Environ Pollut 121:129–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celik U, Oehlenschlager J (2007) High contents of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper in popular fishery products sold in Turkish supermarkets. Food Control 18:258–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christie WW (1992) Gas chromatography and lipids, pp 573-577. The Oily Press, Glasgow UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Chvalová D, Špicka J (2016) Identification of furan fatty acids in the lipids of common carp (Cypri nus carpio L.). Food Chem 200:183–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson PW, Cory-Slechta DA, Thurston SW, Huang LS, Shamlaye CF, Gunzler D, Watson G, van Wijngaarden E, Zareba G, Klein JD (2011) Fish consumption and prenatal methylmercury exposure: cognitive and behavioral outcomes in the main cohort at 17 years from the Seychelles child development study. NeuroToxicol 32:711–717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dural M, Goksu MZL, Ozak AA, Derici B (2006) Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in different tissues of Dicentrarchus labrax L, 1758, Sparus aurata L, 1758 and Mugil cephalus L, 1758 from the Çamlık Lagoon of the eastern cost of Mediterranean (Turkey). Environ Monit Assess 118:65–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dural M, Goksu MZL, Ozak AA (2007) Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from the Tuzla lagoon. Food Chem 102:415–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EC, European Commission (2001) Council Directive 91/493/ EEC of 22 July 1991 laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market of fishery products. Official Journal of the European Communities L 268:0015–0034, 24/09/1991

    Google Scholar 

  • EC, European Commission Regulation (2006) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006. Setting maximum levels of certain contaminants in foodstuff. Off J Eur Union Legis Ser 65:5–24

    Google Scholar 

  • EU, European Union Commission Regulation as regards heavy metals (2001) Directive 2001/22/EC, No. 466/2001 EEC as amended by regulation 221/2002/EC

  • Ferreira MS, Marques AN Jr, Ribeiro ROR, Conte CA Jr, Carneiro CS, Santelli RE, Freire AS, o Clemente SC, Sa Ma´rsico ET (2015) Total mercury in carnivorous fish from Brazilian southeast. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 95:18–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraga CG (2005) Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Mol Aspects Med 26(4):235–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galitsopoulou A, Georgantelis D, Kontominas M (2012) The influence of industrial-scale canning on cadmium and lead levels in sardines and anchovies from commercial fishing centres of the Mediterranean Sea. Food Addit Contam B 5:75–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giannakopoulou L, Neofitou C (2014) Heavy metal concentrations in Mullus barbatus and Pagellus erythrinus in relation to body size, gender, and seasonality. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:7140–7153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikem A, Egiebor NO (2005) Assessment of trace elements in canned fishes (mackerel, tuna, salmon, sardines and herrings) marketed in Georgia and Alabama (United States of America). J Food Compos Anal 18(8):771–787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen R, Eilertsen KE, Elvevoll  EO (2011) Health benefits of marine foods and ingredients. Biotechnol Adv 29(5):508–518

  • Luzia LA, Sampaio GR, Castellucci CMN, Torres EAFS (2003) The influence of season on the lipid profiles of five commercially important species of Brazilian fish. Food Chem 83:93–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (1980) Recommended Dietary Allowances, ninth ed. NAS, Washington

  • Ozogul Y, Ozogul F (2007) Fatty acid profiles of commercially important fish species from the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas. Food Chem 100(4):1634–1638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozyurt G, Polat A, Ozkutuk S (2005) Seasonal changes in the fatty acids of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) captured in Iskenderun bay, eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Eur Food Res Technol 220:120–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polat A, Kuzu S, Ozyurt G, Tokur B (2009) Fatty acid composition of red mullet (Mullus barbatus): a seasonal differentiation. J Muscle Foods 20:70–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RDA (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowance, 10th edn. National Academic Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowbotham AL, Levy LS, Shuker LK (2000) Chromium in the environment: an evaluation of exposure of the UK general population and possible adverse health effects. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 3:145–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaumlöffel D (2012) Nickel species: analysis and toxic effects. J Trace Elem Med Biol 26:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengor GF, Ozden O, Erkan N, Tuter M, Aksoy HA (2003) Fatty acid compositions of flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L., 1758) Fillet, raw and beeswaxed caviar oils. Turk J Fish Aquat Sc 3:93–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Weinman S, Wicklund KG, Albright J, Bovbjerg V, Arbogast P, Smith H, Kushi LH (1996) Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of longchain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA 275(11):836–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivaperumal P, Sankar TV, Viswanathan Nair PG (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards. Food Chem 102:612–620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiteller G (2007) The important role of lipid peroxidation processes in aging and age dependent diseases. Mol Biotechnol 37:5–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storelli MM, Barone G, Storelli A, Marcotrigiano GO (2006) Trace metals in tissues of Mugilids (Mugil auratus, Mugil capito, and Mugil labrosus) from the Mediterranean Sea. B Environ Contam Tox 77:43–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tepe Y, Turkmen M, Turkmen A (2008) Assessment of heavy metals in two commercial fish species of four Turkish seas. Environ Monit Assess 146:277–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TFC (2011) Turkish food codex. Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. Turk Gida Kodeksi, Ankara

    Google Scholar 

  • TKB (2002) Fisheries laws and regulations. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Conservation and Control General Management Ankara, Turkey

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkmen M, Ciminli C (2007) Determination of metals in fish and mussel species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Food Chem 103:670–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkmen A, Turkmen M, Tepe Y, Akyurt I (2005) Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. Food Chem 91:167–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkmen M, Turkmen A, Tepe Y, Ates A, Gokkus K (2008) Determination of metal contaminations in sea foods from Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas: twelve fish species. Food Chem 108:794–800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkmen M, Turkmen A, Tepe Y, Tore Y, Ates A (2009) Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Food Chem 113:233–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuzen M (2003) Determination of heavy metals in fish samples of the middle Black Sea (Turkey) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 80:119–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuzen M (2009) Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1785–1790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uluozlu OD, Tuzen M, Mendil D, Soylak M (2007) Trace metal content in nine species of fish from the Black and Aegean Seas, Turkey. Food Chem 104:835–840

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uluturhan E, Kucuksezgin F (2007) Heavy metal contaminants in Red Pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) tissues from the Eastern Aegean Sea. Water Res 41:1185–1192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USFDA (1993a) Food and drug administration. Guidance document for chromium in shellfish. DHHS/PHS/FDA/CFSAN/Office of Seafood, Washington, DC

  • Uysal K, Emre Y, Kose E (2008) The determination of heavy metal accumulation ratios in muscle, skin and gills of some migratory fish species by inductively coupled plasma-opticalemission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Beymelek Lagoon(Antalya/Turkey). Microchem J 90:67–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (1985) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Recommendation, vol. 1. Geneva, p 130

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (1994) Quality Directive of Potable Water, 2nd ed. WHO, Geneva, p 197

  • Yaman M, Karaaslan NM, Yaman HI (2014) Seasonal variations in toxic metal levels of two fish species, Mugil cephalus and Mullus barbatus and estimation of risk for children. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 93:344–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz AB (2003) Levels of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn) in tissue of Mugil cephalus and Trachurus mediterraneus from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Environ Res 92:277–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz AB, Yilmaz L (2007) Influences of sex and seasons on levels of heavy metals in tissues of green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus de Hann, 1844). Food Chem 101:1664–1669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz AB, Sangun MK, Yaglıoglu D, Turan C (2010) Metals (major, essential to non-essential) composition of the different tissues of three demersal fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Food Chem 123:410–415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon S, Sang-Seop H, Rana SVS (2008) Molecular markers of heavy metal toxicity—a new paradigm for health risk assessment. J Environ Biol 29:1–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Finance of this research has been provided by the Firat University Scientific Research Project Council of Turkey (Project number: SYO.15.03)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Health Sciences Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

    Gökçe Kaya & Semra Türkoğlu

Authors
  1. Gökçe Kaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Semra Türkoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gökçe Kaya.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kaya, G., Türkoğlu, S. Analysis of certain fatty acids and toxic metal bioaccumulation in various tissues of three fish species that are consumed by Turkish people. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 9495–9505 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8632-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8632-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation