Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella is one of the major reasons for foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Decreased susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi to first-line drugs such as ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin has raised concern. Reduced outer membrane proteins (OMPs) permeability and increased efflux pump transportation are considered to be the main reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. The present study aimed to assess the expression of OMPs at sub-lethal concentrations of ceftriaxone in S. Typhi (Sl5037/BC, and Sl05). The S. Typhi strains were exposed to sub-MIC and half of the sub-MIC concentrations of ceftriaxone at three different time intervals (0 min, 40 min, and 180 min) and analyzed for differential expression of OMPs. Further, the expression variation of OMP encoding genes (yaeT, ompX, lamb, ompA, and ybfM) in response to ceftriaxone was evaluated using real-time PCR. The genes like lamB, ompX, and yaeT showed significant downregulation (p < 0.05) compared to the control without antibiotic exposure, whereas ybfM and ompA showed a moderate downregulation. The expression of omp genes such as lamB, ompA, ompX, ybfM, and yaeT were found to be low in the presence of ceftriaxone, followed by time and dose-dependent. The study provides insights into the possible involvement of OMPs in drug resistance of S. Typhi, which could help develop a therapeutic strategy to combat MDR isolates of S. Typhi.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Nitte (Deemed to be University) through the NUFR2 project (NUFR2/2018/10/25). The first author also acknowledges Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, for providing Ph.D. fellowship.
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SDA performed experiments, interpreted the results, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. KPA performed experiments. VKD designed the experiments, supervised, and reviewed the manuscript. AR provided Salmonella isolates, supervised, and reviewed the manuscript. BM conceptualized, designed the experiments, supervised, provided funds and resources, and reviewed the manuscript.
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Akshay, S.D., Anupama, K.P., Deekshit, V.K. et al. Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone on the expression of outer membrane proteins in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38, 190 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03383-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03383-5