Abstract
Synbiotics have been used as biotherapeutic supplements for prevention of new-born calf gastrointestinal disorders. Present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of fructo-oligosaccharide, mannan-oligosaccharide and inulin along with Lactobacillus plantarum CRD-7 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 on the nutrient digestibility, growth performance and faecal microbial population of pre-ruminant buffalo calves. Twenty-four Murrah calves (5 days old) were randomly assigned to four groups of six calves in each using randomized block design. Calves in Group I (control) received only a basic diet of milk, calf starter and berseem with no additives. Calves in Group II (SYN1) were fed 6 g fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) + Lactobacillus plantarum CRD-7 (100 ml). Calves in Group III (SYN2) were fed 9 g inulin + L. plantarum CRD-7 (50 ml), while calves in Group IV (SYN3) received 4 g MOS + L. acidophilus NCDC15 (200 ml) as fermented milk having 108 CFU/ml/calf/day in addition to the basal diet. The results revealed that digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and average daily gain were all higher (P < 0.05) in SYN1 as compared to control group. The antioxidant enzyme activity, humoral and cell mediated immunity performed well in SYN1, SYN2 and SYN3 as compared to control. Diarrhoea and faecal scouring were lower (P < 0.05) in all supplemented groups than control. Faecal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium counts were also higher in SYN1 group followed by SYN2 and SYN3. Faecal ammonia, lactate, pH, and volatile fatty acids level were increased in SYN1 supplemented groups. The synbiotic combination of 6 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 had better response on digestibility, average daily gain, antioxidant enzymes, immune response, faecal microbiota and metabolites and also reduce the faecal score and diarrhoea incidence. Therefore, supplementation of 6 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 can be advised for general use in order to promote long-term animal production.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The study material related to this study are included in this article and supplementary material.
References
Aebi H (1994) Catalase in vitro. In methods in enzymology. Acad Press 105:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05016-3
Alawneh JI, Barreto MO, Moore RJ, Soust M, Al-Harbi H, James AS, Krishnan D, Olchowy TWJ (2020) Systematic review of an intervention: the use of probiotics to improve health and productivity of calves. Prev Vet Med 183:105147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105147
Amin N, Schwarzkopf S, Kinoshita A, Tröscher-Mußotter J, Dänicke S, Camarinha-Silva A, Huber K, Frahm J, Seifert J (2021) Evolution of rumen and oral microbiota in calves is influenced by age and time of weaning. Anim Microbiome 3(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-021-00095-3
AOAC (2005) Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 18th edn. AOAC International 70, Washington, DC, USA
Arne A, Ilgaza A (2021) Prebiotic and synbiotic effect on rumen papilla length development and rumen pH in 12-week-old calves. Vet World 14:2883–2888. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.2883-2888
Arshad MA, Hassan FU, Rehman MS, Huws SA, Cheng Y, Din AU (2021) Gut microbiome colonization and development in neonatal ruminants: strategies, prospects, and opportunities. Anim Nutri 7:883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.004
Ayala-Monter MA, Hernández-Sánchez D, González-Muñoz S, Pinto-Ruiz R, Martínez-Aispuro JA, Torres-Salado N, Herrera-Pérez J, Gloria-Trujillo A (2019) Growth performance and health of nursing lambs supplemented with inulin and Lactobacillus casei Asian-Australasian. J of Animal Sci 32:1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0630
Cangiano LR, Yohe TT, Steele MA, Renaud DL (2020) Invited review: Strategic use of microbial-based probiotics and prebiotics in dairy calf rearing. Appl Anim Sci 36:630–651. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2020-02049
Chen F, Wang H, Chen J, Liu Y, Wen W, Li Y, Huang X (2020) Lactobacillus delbrueckii Ameliorates intestinal integrity and antioxidant ability in weaned piglets after a lipopolysaccharide challenge. Oxidative Medi and Cell Long 2020: 6028606. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6028606
Cholewińska P, Czyż K, Nowakowski P, Wyrostek A (2020) The microbiome of the digestive system of ruminants—A review. Anim Health Res Rev 21:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252319000069
Cull C, Singu VK, Cull BJ, Lechtenberg KF, Amachawadi RG, Schutz JS, Bryan KA (2022) Efficacy of two probiotic products fed daily to reduce Clostridium perfringens-based adverse health and performance effects in dairy calves. Antibiotics 11:1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111513
Dar AH, Singh S, Mondal B, Palod J, Kumar A, Singh V, Sharma R, Khadda B (2018) Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on faecal microbial count and cell mediated immunity in crossbred calves. Indian J Anim Res 52:1452–1456. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-3383
Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y (2019) Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods 8(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092
Diether N, Willing B (2019) Microbial fermentation of dietary protein: an important factor in diet–microbe–host interaction. Microorganisms 7:19. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7010019
Du Y, Gao Y, Hu M, Hou J, Yang L, Wang X, Du W, Liu J, Xu Q (2023) Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 14(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00856-x
Ghosh S, Mehla RK (2012) Influence of dietary supplementation of prebiotics (mannanoligosaccharide) on the performance of crossbred calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:617–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9944-8
Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Costa MC, Viel L, Weese JS (2017) Characterization of the fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy and diarrheic dairy calves. J Vet Intern Med 31(3):928–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14695
Hasunuma T, Kawashima K, Nakayama H, Murakami T, Kanagawa H, Ishii T, Akiyama K, Yasuda K, Terada F, Kushibiki S (2011) Effect of cellooligosaccharide or synbiotic feeding on growth performance, fecal condition and hormone concentrations in Holstein calves. Anim Sci J 82:543–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00861.x
Jonova S, Ilgaza A, Zolovs M (2021) The impact of Inulin and a novel synbiotic (Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain 1026 and Inulin) on the development and functional state of the gastrointestinal canal of calves. Vet Med Int 2021: 8848441. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8848441
Kawakami SI, Yamada T, Nakanishi N, Cai Y (2011) Feeding of lactic acid bacteria and yeast affects fecal flora of Holstein calves. J Anim Vet Adv 10:269–271
Kober AKMH, Riaz Rajoka MS, Mehwish HM, Villena J, Kitazawa H (2022) Immunomodulation potential of probiotics: a novel strategy for improving livestock health, immunity, and productivity. Microorganisms 10:388. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020388
Kwoji ID, Aiyegoro OA, Okpeku M, Adeleke MA (2021) Multistrain probiotics: synergy among isolates enhances biological activities. Biology 10:322. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10040322
Lucey PM, Lean IJ, Aly SS, Golder HM, Block E, Thompson JS, Rossow HA (2021) Effects of mannan-oligosaccharide and Bacillus subtilis supplementation to preweaning Holstein dairy heifers on body weight gain, diarrhea, and shedding of fecal pathogens. J of Dairy Sci 104:4290–4302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19425
Masucci F, De Rosa G, Grasso F, Napolitano F, Esposito G (2011) Performance of immune response of buffalo calves supplemented with probiotic. Livest Sci 137:24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.019
Pattanaik AK, Khan SA, Goswami TK (2011) Iodine supplementation to a diet containing Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal: consequences on nutrient metabolism, clinical chemistry and immunity of goats. Anim Prod Sci 51:541–548. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN10099
Raza M, Yousaf MS, Ahmad J, Rashid MA, Majeed KA, Tahir SK, Ashraf S, Numan M, Khalid A, Rehman H (2022) Prebiotics supplementation modulates pre-weaning stress in male cattle calves by improving growth performance, health scores and serum biomarkers. Czech J Anim Sci 67:102–113. https://doi.org/10.17221/70/2021-CJAS
Renaud DL, Kelton DF, Weese JS, Noble C, Duffield TF (2019) Evaluation of a multispecies probiotic as a supportive treatment for diarrhea in dairy calves: a randomized clinical trial. J Dairy Sci 102:4498–4505. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15793
Sharma AN, Kumar S, Tyagi AK (2018) Effects of mannan-oligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization and faecal characteristics in Murrah buffalo calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 102:679–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12878
Sharma AN, Kumari LV, Ram C, Mondal G (2020) Response of different synbiotics on gut health, immunity and growth performance of pre-ruminant Buffalo calves. Indian J of Animal Nutr 37:206–212. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2020.00033.X
Sharma AN, Chaudhary P, Kumar S, Grover CR, Mondal G (2023) Effect of synbiotics on growth performance, gut health, and immunity status in pre-ruminant buffalo calves. Sci Rep 13:10184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37002-6
Singh AK, Kerketta S, Yogi RK, Kumar A, Ojha L (2017) Prebiotics: the new feed supplement for dairy calf. Int J Livest Res 7:1–17. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20170610051314
Śliżewska K, Markowiak-Kopeć P, Żbikowski A, Szeleszczuk (2020) The effect of synbiotic preparations on the intestinal microbiota and her metabolism in broiler chickens. Sci Rep 10:4281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61256-z
Song J, Li Q, Everaert N, Liu R, Zheng M, Zhao G, Wen J (2020) Dietary inulin supplementation modulates short-chain fatty acid levels and cecum microbiota composition and function in chickens infected with Salmonella. Front Microbiol 11:584380. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.584380
Song D, Li A, Wang Y, Song G, Cheng J, Wang L, Liu K, Min Y, Wang W (2022) Effects of synbiotic on growth, digestibility, immune and antioxidant performance in broilers. Animal 16:100497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100497
Sun P, Wang JQ, Zhang HT (2010) Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on performance and immune function of preweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 93:5851–5855. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3263
Szczypka M, Suszko-Pawłowska A, Kuczkowski M, Gorczykowski M, Lis M, Kowalczyk A, Łukaszewicz E, Poradowski D, Zbyryt I, Bednarczyk M, Stefaniak T (2021) Effects of selected prebiotics or synbiotics administered in ovo on lymphocyte subsets in Bursa of the Fabricius, thymus, and spleen in non-immunized and immunized chicken broilers. Animals 11:476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020476
Teng PY, Kim WK (2018) Review: roles of prebiotics in intestinal ecosystem of broilers. Front Vet Sci 5:245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00245
Tran C, Horyanto D, Stanley D, Cock IE, Chen X, Feng Y (2023) Antimicrobial Properties of Bacillus probiotics as animal growth promoters. Antibiotics 12:407. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020407
Trukhachev VI, Buryakov NP, Shapovalov SO, Shvydkov AN, Buryakova MA, Khardik IV, Fathala MM, Komarova OE, Aleshin DE (2022) Impact of inclusion of multicomponent synbiotic russian Holstein dairy cow’s rations on milk yield, rumen fermentation, and some blood biochemical parameters. Front Vet Sci 9:884177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.884177
Vadopalas L, Zokaityte E, Zavistanaviciute P, Gruzauskas R, Starkute V, Mockus E, Klementaviciute J, Ruzauskas M, Lele V, Cernauskas D, Klupsaite D, Dauksiene A, Sederevicius A, Badaras S, Bartkiene E (2021) Supplement based on fermented milk permeate for feeding newborn calves: influence on blood, growth performance, and faecal parameters, including microbiota, volatile compounds, and fatty and organic acid profiles. Animals 11:2544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092544
Varada VV, Tyagi AK, Banakar PS, Das A, Tyagi N, Mallapa RH, Kumar S (2022) Autochthonous Limosilactobacillus reuteri BFE7 and ligilactobacillus salivarius BF17 probiotics consortium supplementation improves performance, immunity, and selected gut health indices in Murrah buffalo calves. Vet Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-09896-6
Villagrán-de la Mora Z, Nuño K, Vázquez-Paulino O, Avalos H, Castro-Rosas J, Gómez-Aldapa C, Angulo C, Ascencio F, Villarruel-López A (2019) Effect of a synbiotic mix on intestinal structural changes, and Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens colonization in broiler chickens. Animals 9:777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100777
Wang J, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang D, Wang Y, Ji H (2019) Effects of oligosaccharides on the growth and stress tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum ZLP001 in vitro, and the potential synbiotic effects of L. plantarum ZLP001 and fructo-oligosaccharide in post-weaning piglets. J Anim Sci 97(11):4588–4597. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz254
Wang H, Yu Z, Gao Z, Li Q, Qiu X, Wu F (2022) Effects of compound probiotics on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health status of neonatal holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 105:2190–2200. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-20721
Wu Y, Wang L, Luo R, Chen H, Nie C, Niu J, Zhang W (2021) Effect of a multispecies probiotic mixture on the growth and incidence of diarrhea, immune function, and fecal microbiota of pre-weaning dairy calves. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.681014
Yu Y, Li Q, Zeng X, Xu Y, Jin K, Liu J, Cao G (2022) Effects of probiotics on the growth performance, antioxidant functions, immune responses, and caecal microbiota of broilers challenged by lipopolysaccharide. Front Vet Sci 9:846649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.846649
Zábranský L, Poborská A, Gálik B, Šoch M, Brož P, Kantor M, Kernerová N, Rezác I, Rolinec M, Hanušovský O (2022) Influence of Probiotic Strains Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus on the health status and weight gain of calves, and the utilization of nitrogenous compounds. Antibiotics 11: 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091273
Zhang L, Jiang X, Liu X, Zhao X, Liu S, Li Y, Zhang Y (2019) Growth, health, rumen fermentation, and bacterial community of Holstein calves fed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG during the preweaning stage1. J Anim Sci 97:2598–2608. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz126
Zhang N, Wang L, Wei Y (2020) Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus pumilus on rumen and intestine morphology and microbiota in weanling Jintang black goat. Animals 10:1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091604
Zheng C, Zhou J, Zeng Y, Liu T (2021) Effects of mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and hematological parameters in sheep. Peer J 9:e11631. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11631
Zhou J, Zhao K, Shao L, Bao Y, Gyantsen D, Ma C, Xue B (2023) Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and combination of Probiotics and enzymes as supplements on growth performance and serum parameters in early-weaned grazing yak calves. Animals 13(5):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050785
Acknowledgements
We thank the Director, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India for providing facilities to conduct this research.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ANS performed all experiments. PC wrote the manuscript and prepared figures. CR helped in editing the manuscript. SK helped in data analysis. GM helped in conceptualization, review and final editing of the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Approval was obtained from the Institute Animal Ethics committee with IAEC number 41-IAEC-18-18.
Conflict of Interest
Authors have no competing interests to declare.
Consent to participate
All authors of this research paper have directly participated in the planning, execution, or analysis of this study.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Amit N Sharma and Parul Chaudhary contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sharma, A.N., Chaudhary, P., Grover, C.R. et al. Impact of synbiotics on growth performance and gut health in Murrah buffalo calves. Vet Res Commun 48, 179–190 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10194-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10194-y