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Biochemical and molecular effects of a commercial diuretic with herbal extract on experimentally induced urolithiasis in chickens

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Abstract

This study evaluated the diuretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunological effects of a commercial diuretic (CD) (composed of ammonium chloride, potassium citrate, sodium chloride, ascorbic acid, biotin, halfa bar extract, and hexamine) on chickens with induced urolithiasis. A total of 100 one-day-old white Hy-Line chicks were fed a basal diet containing 20% crude protein (CP) and 1% Ca until they reached 48 days of age. Then, the birds were divided into five groups (G1-G5). G1 was fed a basal diet and kept as a negative control, G2 was fed a high protein (HP) diet containing 25% crude protein, G3 was fed high calcium (HC) diet containing 5% Ca, G4 was fed HP diet supplemented with CD, and G5 was fed HC diet supplemented with CD. The CD was supplemented with drinking water (at a dose of 0.5 ml/ liter) for 1 week. The experiment was held for 78 days. Clinical signs, postmortem lesions, and mortality rates were observed. Biochemical analytes, redox status biomarkers, and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were measured. Tissue samples were taken for histopathological examination. No signs of CD toxicity were observed during the toxicity test prior to the experiment. Compared to all groups, birds in G2 and G3 showed impaired renal function and alterations in biochemical, redox status, lipid peroxidation, post-mortem, and histopathological lesions along with upregulation of IL-6 and IFN-γ in the kidney and spleen. In conclusion, commercial diuretic supplementation for one week improves renal function, redox status, immune and anti-inflammatory responses in chickens with induced urolithiasis.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

CD:

commercial diuretic

HP:

high protein

HC:

high calcium

IL:

interleukin

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

Ca:

calcium

P:

Phosphorus

mRNA:

messenger ribonucleic acid

CP:

crude protein

MDA:

malondialdehyde

NO:

nitric oxide

TAC:

total antioxidant capacity

CAT:

catalase

GST:

Glutathione-S transferase

GSH:

reduced glutathione

IFN:

Interferon

GAPDH:

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

NH4Cl:

ammonium chloride

NF-kB:

nuclear factor kabba

TGF-β1:

transform growth factor β

NRC:

National Research Council

cDNA:

complementary deoxynucleic acid

H&E:

haematoxylin and eosin

PAS:

periodic acid-Schiff

PCT:

proximal convoluted tubule

DCT:

distal convoluted tubule

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the departments of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Histology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University for their help and facilities of the present study. The Servicescape, United States and the authorship, translation & publication (ATP) center, Mansoura University are thanked for the proofreading and editing of manuscript.

Funding

This study received no funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Mahmoud G. El Sebaei

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mahmoud G. El Sebaei & Mohamed A. El-Adl

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Reham A. El-Shafei

  4. Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Amany Farag

  5. Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Abdelfattah H. Eladl

Authors
  1. Mahmoud G. El Sebaei
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  2. Reham A. El-Shafei
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  3. Mohamed A. El-Adl
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Contributions

Mahmoud El Sebaei: Methodology, investigation, data analysis, writing of original draft & editing. Reham El-Shafei: Methodology, Investigation. Mohamed El-Adl: Methodology, Investigation. Amany Farag: Methodology, Investigation. Abdelfattah Eladl: Methodology, investigation, data analysis, writing of original draft & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdelfattah H. Eladl.

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Ethics approval

All the procedures of biosecurity and biosafety as well as handling, management, and euthanasia of birds during and after the experiment were approved by the Research Ethical Committee of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University with the code number of (R/80). Moreover, handling, restrain and euthanasia of chicks were following the "Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals".

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All authors contributed to the experimental study and design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Sebaei, M.G.E., El-Shafei, R.A., El-Adl, M.A. et al. Biochemical and molecular effects of a commercial diuretic with herbal extract on experimentally induced urolithiasis in chickens. Vet Res Commun 46, 419–430 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09866-4

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