Abstract
In the context of increasing urbanization, preserving urban biodiversity has become a priority because biodiversity appears to be a key element when evaluating the well-being of urban residents. Recently, urban management has relied on a ‘renaturing’ strategy to improve biodiversity, but the benefits of these policies remain debated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of urban land use and green corridors on (1) urban avian biodiversity, and (2) the presence of the most common (top 70%) and least common (bottom 30%) bird species. We surveyed bird diversity at 102 sites during the Spring in a small French city, and performed a PCA on several habitat structures (e.g. roads, houses, grassy areas) to determine the level of urbanization of each site. Then, we tested with GLMMs the effects of land use (PC1), distance to the edge of the city, and distance to the corridor on bird diversity. We found a positive effect of green infrastructures on bird species richness, and this effect was reinforced by the proximity to the green corridor. Thus, bird species richness and the presence of common species were positively impacted by the presence of green areas, the proximity to the city edge and the proximity to the green corridor. The presence of the green corridor contributed significantly to the presence of rare species, which emphasizes its role in promoting avian biodiversity. Green corridors are a key element of the urban landscape because they allow less common species to colonize cities, and thus enhance urban biodiversity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
References
Aerts R, Honnay O, Van Nieuwenhuyse A (2018) Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. Br Med Bull 127:5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy021
Aida N, Sasidhran S, Kamarudin N, Aziz N, Puan CL, Azhar B (2016) Woody trees, green space and park size improve avian biodiversity in urban landscapes of peninsular Malaysia. Ecol Indic 69:176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.025
Alberti M (2015) Eco-evolutionary dynamics in an urbanizing planet. Trends Ecol Evol 30:114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.007
Anderson TR (2006) Biology of the ubiquitous house sparrow: from genes to populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Aronson MF et al (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 281:20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330
Barth BJ, FitzGibbon SI, Wilson RS (2015) New urban developments that retain more remnant trees have greater bird diversity. Landsc Urban Plan 136:122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.003
Baum KA, Haynes KJ, Dillemuth FP, Cronin JT (2004) The matrix enhances the effectiveness of corridors and stepping stones. Ecology 85:2671–2676. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0500
Beninde J, Veith M, Hochkirch A (2015) Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta-analysis of factors determining intra-urban biodiversity variation. Ecol Lett 18:581–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12427
Benítez-López A, Alkemade R, Verweij PA (2010) The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: a meta-analysis. Biol Conserv 143:1307–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.009
Bernat-Ponce E, Gil-Delgado JA, López-Iborra GM (2020) Replacement of semi-natural cover with artificial substrates in urban parks causes a decline of house sparrows Passer domesticus in Mediterranean towns. Urban Ecosyst 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00940-4
Blair RB (1996) Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecol Appl 6:506–519. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269387
Blair RB (1999) Birds and butterflies along an urban gradient: surrogate taxa for assessing biodiversity? Ecol Appl 9:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0164:BABAAU]2.0.CO;2
Blair RB (2001) Birds and butterflies along urban gradients in two ecoregions of the United States: is urbanization creating a homogeneous fauna? In: Biotic homogenization. Springer, pp 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1261-5_3
Blair RB (2004) The effects of urban sprawl on birds at multiple levels of biological organization. Ecology and Society 9. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00688-090502
Callaghan CT, Bino G, Major RE, Martin JM, Lyons MB, Kingsford RT (2019a) Heterogeneous urban green areas are bird diversity hotspots: insights using continental-scale citizen science data. Landsc Ecol 34:1231–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00851-6
Callaghan CT, Major RE, Wilshire JH, Martin JM, Kingsford RT, Cornwell WK (2019b) Generalists are the most urban-tolerant of birds: a phylogenetically controlled analysis of ecological and life history traits using a novel continuous measure of bird responses to urbanization. Oikos 128:845–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.06158
Carvajal-Castro JD, Ospina-L AM, Toro-López Y, Pulido-G A, Cabrera-Casas LX, Guerrero-Peláez S, García-Merchán VH, Vargas-Salinas F (2019) Birds vs bricks: patterns of species diversity in response to urbanization in a Neotropical Andean city. PLoS One 14:e0218775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218775
Chace JF, Walsh JJ (2006) Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landsc Urban Plan 74:46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007
Chamberlain DE, Toms MP, Cleary-McHarg R, Banks AN (2007) House sparrow (Passer domesticus) habitat use in urbanized landscapes. J Ornithol 148:453–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0165-x
Chang C-R, Chien H-F, Shiu H-J, Ko C-J, Lee P-F (2017) Multiscale heterogeneity within and beyond Taipei city greenspaces and their relationship with avian biodiversity. Landsc Urban Plan 157:138–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.028
Clergeau P, Croci S, Jokimäki J, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki M-L, Dinetti M (2006) Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation: analysis at different European latitudes. Biol Conserv 127:336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.035
Connop S, Vandergert P, Eisenberg B, Collier MJ, Nash C, Clough J, Newport D (2016) Renaturing cities using a regionally-focused biodiversity-led multifunctional benefits approach to urban green infrastructure. Environ Sci Pol 62:99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.013
Cox DT et al (2017) Doses of neighborhood nature: the benefits for mental health of living with nature. BioScience 67:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw173
Croci S, Butet A, Clergeau P (2008) Does urbanization filter birds on the basis of their biological traits? Condor 110:223–240. https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8409
Dallimer M, Rouquette JR, Skinner AM, Armsworth PR, Maltby LM, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2012) Contrasting patterns in species richness of birds, butterflies and plants along riparian corridors in an urban landscape. Divers Distrib 18:742–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00891.x
Davies ZG, Pullin AS (2007) Are hedgerows effective corridors between fragments of woodland habitat? An evidence-based approach. Landscape Ecol 22:333–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9064-4
Faeth SH, Bang C, Saari S (2011) Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1223:69–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05925.x
Filazzola A, Shrestha N, MacIvor JS (2019) The contribution of constructed green infrastructure to urban biodiversity: a synthesis and meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 56:2131–2143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13475
Fischer LK, Honold J, Cvejić R, Delshammar T, Hilbert S, Lafortezza R, Nastran M, Nielsen AB, Pintar M, van der Jagt APN, Kowarik I (2018) Beyond green: broad support for biodiversity in multicultural European cities. Glob Environ Chang 49:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.001
Forman RT (2014) Urban ecology: science of cities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Francis CD, Ortega CP, Cruz A (2009) Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. Current biology 19:1415–1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052
Garmendia E, Apostolopoulou E, Adams WM, Bormpoudakis D (2016) Biodiversity and green infrastructure in Europe: boundary object or ecological trap? Land Use Policy 56:315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.003
Gil D, Brumm H (2014) Avian urban ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Gilbert-Norton L, Wilson R, Stevens JR, Beard KH (2010) A meta-analytic review of corridor effectiveness. Conservation biology 24:660–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01450.x
Gillies CS, CCS C (2008) Riparian corridors enhance movement of a forest specialist bird in fragmented tropical forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:19774–19779. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803530105
Graham MH (2003) Confronting multicollinearity in ecological multiple regression. Ecology 84:2809–2815. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3114
Grimm NB, Foster D, Groffman P, Grove JM, Hopkinson CS, Nadelhoffer KJ, Pataki DE, Peters DPC (2008) The changing landscape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients. Front Ecol Environ 6:264–272. https://doi.org/10.1890/070147
Halfwerk W, Bot S, Buikx J, van der Velde M, Komdeur J, ten Cate C, Slabbekoorn H (2011a) Low-frequency songs lose their potency in noisy urban conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:14549–14554. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109091108
Halfwerk W, Holleman LJ, Lessells CM, Slabbekoorn H (2011b) Negative impact of traffic noise on avian reproductive success. J Appl Ecol 48:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01914.x
Han Y, Bai J, Zhang Z, Wu T, Chen P, Sun G, Miao L, Xu Z, Yu L, Zhu C, Zhao D, Ge G, Ruan L (2019) Nest site selection for five common birds and their coexistence in an urban habitat. Sci Total Environ 690:748–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.508
Huang Y, Zhao Y, Li S, von Gadow K (2015) The effects of habitat area, vegetation structure and insect richness on breeding bird populations in Beijing urban parks. Urban For Urban Green 14:1027–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.09.010
Hume R (2009) RSPB complete birds of Britain and Europe. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.
Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Rubio E, Jokimäki J, Pérez-Contreras T, Sprau P, Suhonen J, Tryjanowski P, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki ML, Møller AP, Díaz M (2020) Biodiversity within the city: effects of land sharing and land sparing urban development on avian diversity. Sci Total Environ 707:135477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135477
Injaian AS, Taff CC, Patricelli GL (2018) Experimental anthropogenic noise impacts avian parental behaviour, nestling growth and nestling oxidative stress. Anim Behav 136:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.12.003
Kang W, Minor ES, Park C-R, Lee D (2015) Effects of habitat structure, human disturbance, and habitat connectivity on urban forest bird communities. Urban Ecosyst 18:857–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0433-5
Kark S, Iwaniuk A, Schalimtzek A, Banker E (2007) Living in the city: can anyone become an ‘urban exploiter'? J Biogeogr 34:638–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01638.x
Kleist NJ, Guralnick RP, Cruz A, Lowry CA, Francis CD (2018) Chronic anthropogenic noise disrupts glucocorticoid signaling and has multiple effects on fitness in an avian community. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115:E648–E657. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709200115
LaPoint S, Balkenhol N, Hale J, Sadler J, van der Ree R (2015) Ecological connectivity research in urban areas. Functional Ecology 29:868–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12489
Leonard ML, Horn AG (2012) Ambient noise increases missed detections in nestling birds. Biol Lett 8:530–532. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0032
Lepczyk CA, Aronson MF, Evans KL, Goddard MA, Lerman SB, MacIvor JS (2017) Biodiversity in the city: fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. BioScience 67:799–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix079
Leroy B, Petillon J, Gallon R, Canard A, Ysnel F (2012) Improving occurrence-based rarity metrics in conservation studies by including multiple rarity cut-off points. Insect Conserv Divers 5:159–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00148.x
Leveau LM (2019) Urbanization induces bird color homogenization. Landsc Urban Plan 192:103645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103645
MacGregor-Fors I, Morales-Pérez L, Quesada J, Schondube JE (2010) Relationship between the presence of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Neotropical bird community structure and diversity. Biol Invasions 12:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9432-5
MacGregor-Fors I, Ortega-Álvarez R (2011) Fading from the forest: bird community shifts related to urban park site-specific and landscape traits. Urban For Urban Green 10:239–246
Mainwaring MC, Healy SD (2019) Nest building in birds. Encyclopedia of animal behavior, 2nd edn, 4:523–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90714-3
Mantel N (1967) The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res 27:209–220
Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R (2001) Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Springer Science & Business Media, New York
Marzluff JM et al (2008) Urban ecology: an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Springer Science & Business Media, New York
Matsuba M, Nishijima S, Katoh K (2016) Effectiveness of corridor vegetation depends on urbanization tolerance of forest birds in Central Tokyo. Japan Urban For Urban Green 18:173–181
McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation: the impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems. Bioscience 52:883–890. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2
McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv 127:247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005
Meillère A, Brischoux F, Ribout C, Angelier F (2015) Traffic noise exposure affects telomere length in nestling house sparrows. Biol Lett 11:20150559. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0559
Moller AP (2009) Successful city dwellers: a comparative study of the ecological characteristics of urban birds in the Western Palearctic. Oecologia 159:849–858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1259-8
Mondal B, Das DN (2018) How residential compactness and attractiveness can be shaped by environmental amenities in an industrial city? Sustain Cities Soc 41:363–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.022
Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Su T, Zhou B, Moravec D, Šímová P, Liang W (2017) Taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary uniqueness in bird communities of Beijing’s urban parks: effects of land use and vegetation structure. Urban For Urban Green 23:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.009
Morelli F, Jiguet F, Sabatier R, Dross C, Princé K, Tryjanowski P, Tichit M (2017b) Spatial covariance between ecosystem services and biodiversity pattern at a national scale (France). Ecol Indic 82:574–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.036
Morelli F, Mikula P, Benedetti Y, Bussière R, Tryjanowski P (2018) Cemeteries support avian diversity likewise urban parks in European cities: assessing taxonomic, evolutionary and functional diversity. Urban For Urban Green 36:90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.10.011
Morris EK, Caruso T, Buscot F, Fischer M, Hancock C, Maier TS, Meiners T, Müller C, Obermaier E, Prati D, Socher SA, Sonnemann I, Wäschke N, Wubet T, Wurst S, Rillig MC (2014) Choosing and using diversity indices: insights for ecological applications from the German biodiversity Exploratories. Ecol Evol 4:3514–3524. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1155
Mörtberg U, Wallentinus H-G (2000) Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment—assessment of green space corridors. Landscape and Urban planning 50:215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00090-6
Moudrá L, Zasadil P, Moudrý V, Šálek M (2018) What makes new housing development unsuitable for house sparrows (Passer domesticus)? Landsc Urban Plan 169:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.08.017
Müller A, Bøcher PK, Fischer C, Svenning J-C (2018) ‘Wild’ in the city context: do relative wild areas offer opportunities for urban biodiversity? Landsc Urban Plan 170:256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.027
Murgui E (2009) Seasonal patterns of habitat selection of the house sparrow Passer domesticus in the urban landscape of Valencia (Spain). J Ornithol 150:85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-008-0320-z
Newbold T et al (2015) Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14324
Oksanen J et al (2016) Vegan: community ecology package. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Olden JD, Poff NL, Douglas MR, Douglas ME, Fausch KD (2004) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization. Trends in ecology & evolution 19:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.010
Ortega-Álvarez R, MacGregor-Fors I (2009) Living in the big city: effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition. Landsc Urban Plan 90:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.11.003
Pennington DN, Hansel JR, Gorchov DL (2010) Urbanization and riparian forest woody communities: diversity, composition, and structure within a metropolitan landscape. Biol Conserv 143:182–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.002
Pirzio Biroli A, Van Doren BM, Grabowska-Zhang A (2020) Drivers of avian species richness and community structure in urban courtyard gardens. J Urban Ecol 6:juz026. https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juz026
Puppim de Oliveira J, Balaban O, Doll CN, Moreno-Peñaranda R, Gasparatos A, Iossifova D, Suwa A (2011) Cities and biodiversity: perspectives and governance challenges for implementing the convention on biological diversity (CBD) at the city level. Biol Conserv 144:1302–1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.007
QGIS Development Team (2017) QGIS geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project
R Core Team (2016) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Found Stat Comput Vienna, Austria Retrieved from http://wwwR-projectorg
Ralph CJ, Sauer JR, Droege S (1995) Monitoring bird populations by point counts. Gen tech rep PSW-GTR-149 Albany, CA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific southwest Research Station 149
Rebele F (1994) Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems. Glob Ecol Biogeogr Lett 4:173–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.07.005
Resasco J (2019) Meta-analysis on a decade of testing corridor efficacy: what new have we learned? Current Landscape Ecology Reports 4:61–69.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40823-019-00041-9
Ries L, Fletcher RJ Jr, Battin J, Sisk TD (2004) Ecological responses to habitat edges: mechanisms, models, and variability explained. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:491–522. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130148
Romão J, Kourtit K, Neuts B, Nijkamp P (2018) The smart city as a common place for tourists and residents: A structural analysis of the determinants of urban attractiveness Cities 78:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.007
Sekercioglu CH (2006) Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends Ecol Evol 21:464-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.007
Seress G, Liker A (2015) Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61:373–408. https://doi.org/10.17109/AZH.61.4.373.2015
Shanahan DF, Miller C, Possingham HP, Fuller RA (2011) The influence of patch area and connectivity on avian communities in urban revegetation. Biol Conserv 144:722–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.014
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–423
Shochat E, Lerman S, Fernández-Juricic E (2010) Birds in urban ecosystems: population dynamics, community structure, biodiversity, and conservation. Urban Ecosyst 55:75–86
Simpson EH (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163:688-688
Snäll T, Lehtomäki J, Arponen A, Elith J, Moilanen A (2016) Green infrastructure design based on spatial conservation prioritization and modeling of biodiversity features and ecosystem services. Environ Manag 57:251–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0613-y
Stagoll K, Manning AD, Knight E, Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2010) Using bird–habitat relationships to inform urban planning. Landsc Urban Plan 98:13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.006
Sutherland WJ, Newton I, Green R (2004) Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques vol 1. OUP Oxford
Tewksbury JJ et al. (2002) Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:12923-12926. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.202242699
Tratalos J, Fuller RA, Evans KL, Davies RG, Newson SE, Greenwood JJ, Gaston KJ (2007) Bird densities are associated with household densities. Glob Chang Biol 13:1685–1695. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01390.x
Tryjanowski P, Morelli F, Mikula P, Krištín A, Indykiewicz P, Grzywaczewski G, Kronenberg J, Jerzak L (2017) Bird diversity in urban green space: a large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban For Urban Green 27:264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.014
United Nations DoEaSA (2016) The world’s cities in 2016. United Nations, New York
United Nations DoEaSA, Population Division (2018) World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision. United Nations, New York
United Nations UNEP (2012) Global environment outlook5: environment for the future we want. United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/geo/sites/unep.org.geo/files/documents/geo5.frontmatter.pdf
Vergara PM (2011) Matrix-dependent corridor effectiveness and the abundance of forest birds in fragmented landscapes. Landscape Ecology 26:1085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9641-z
Vergnes A, Kerbiriou C, Clergeau P (2013) Ecological corridors also operate in an urban matrix: a test case with garden shrews. Urban Ecosyst 16:511–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-013-0289-0
Vergnes A, Le Viol I, Clergeau P (2012) Green corridors in urban landscapes affect the arthropod communities of domestic gardens. Biol Conserv 145:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.002
Villaseñor NR, Chiang LA, Hernández HJ, Escobar MA (2020) Vacant lands as refuges for native birds: an opportunity for biodiversity conservation in cities. Urban For Urban Green 49:126632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126632
Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Solano-Zavaleta I, Sáenz-Escobar MF, Ramírez-Cruz GA (2019) Habitat traits that increase the probability of occupancy of migratory birds in an urban ecological reserve. Acta Oecol 101:103480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2019.103480
Zuur A, Ieno EN, Smith GM (2007) Analyzing ecological data. Springer Science & Business Media, New York
Acknowledgments
We thank the “Mairie de Niort” for its financial support. We especially thank J. Baloge, M. Pailley, M. Vouhé-Barribaud and the “Mission Biodiversité et Éducation à l’Environnement de la Ville de Niort”. We also thank the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Région Nouvelle Aquitaine (MULTISTRESS), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Urbastress, ANR-16-CE02-0004-01) and the Contrat de Plan État-Région ECONAT (CPER ECONAT) for funding. We thank S. Hope for correcting the English and E. Senac for her help with the surveys.
Funding
This project was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Mairie de Niort, the Région Nouvelle Aquitaine (MULTISTRESS), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Urbastress, ANR-16-CE02–0004-01) and the Contrat de Plan État-Région ECONAT (CPER ECONAT).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EB, FB and FA designed the study, conducted the statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Electronic supplementary material
Online Resource 1
Minimum adequate models to test the influence of the session and habitat variables included in PC1 on (a) total bird species richness, (b) rare bird species richness, (c) common bird species richness. (DOCX 16 kb)
Online Resource 2
Species observed on the 102 sites in Niort during the 3 sessions of survey (March, April and May 2017). All species are classified as Least Concern (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Naturel Resources (IUCN, Red list of threatened species). (DOCX 15 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beaugeard, E., Brischoux, F. & Angelier, F. Green infrastructures and ecological corridors shape avian biodiversity in a small French city. Urban Ecosyst 24, 549–560 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01062-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01062-7