Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the effects of replacing the starchy ingredients of concentrate by increasing the levels of sunflower oil on the production, composition, fatty acid profile, and evaluate the atherogenicity and thrombogenic index of Jersey cow’s milk. Eight Jersey cows were arranged in a double Latin square and distributed in treatments consisting of supplementation with increasing levels of sunflower oil replacing the corn grain and wheat bran of concentrate, including the following: T0 (control diet), without sunflower oil and with 38 g ether extract (EE)/kg dry matter (DM); T1 = 65 g EE/kg DM; T2 = 86 g EE/kg DM; and T3 = 110 g EE/kg DM. The daily milk production was measured, and the corrected milk production was calculated. Milk samples were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine fat, protein, lactose, and total solids, whereas the lipid profile was assessed by gas chromatography. Milk production, energy-corrected milk production, fat content, daily fat production, lactose, and total solids were not affected by the treatments. Protein, lactose, and total solids concentrations decreased. Short-, medium-, and odd-chain fatty acids decreased with an increase in sunflower oil levels. Conversely, linear increases in long-chain, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were observed. There were significant increases in stearic and elaidic acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, especially in vaccenic and rumenic acids. There was a positive effect on the milk atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and nutraceutical indices. Dietary supplementation with sunflower oil changes the milk FA profile, decreases the atherogenicity and the thrombogenicity indices, and improve the nutraceutical index up to the addition of 86 g EE/kg DM de sunflower oil in the diets of Jersey cows.
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Abbreviations
- FA:
-
Fatty acid
- MUFAs:
-
Monounsaturated fatty acids
- PUFAs:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SFAs:
-
Saturated fatty acids
- CLA:
-
Conjugated linoleic acid
- NFCs:
-
Non-fibrous carbohydrates,
- ECL:
-
Equivalent chain length
- EE:
-
Ether extract
- FAMEs:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
- NI:
-
Nutraceutical index
- DM:
-
Dry matter
- NEl:
-
Net energy for lactation
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária– EMBRAPA) for the help provided in conducting and funding the study and the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES) for the graduate scholarships awarded to the first and third authors (Finance code 001).
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Conception and design of study: Rizzo FA, Schafhauser Junior J, Scheibler RB.
Acquisition of data: Rizzo FA, Scheibler, RB, Fluck AC, Vargas DP, Fioreze, VI.
Analysis and/or interpretation of data: Rizzo FA., Schafhauser Junior J, Scheibler RB, Fluck AC.
Drafting the manuscript: Rizzo FA., Fluck AC.
Critical review/revision: Rizzo FA, Schafhauser Junior J, Nörnberg JL, Fluck AC, Costa OAD.
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Appendix
Appendix
Nomenclature
- C 8:0:
-
Caprilic acid
- C 10:0:
-
Capric acid
- C 11:0:
-
Undecanoic acid
- C 12:0:
-
Lauric acid
- C 13:0:
-
Tridecanoic acid
- C 14:0:
-
Myristic acid
- C 15:0:
-
Pentadecilic acid
- C 16:0:
-
Palmitic acid
- C 16:1n-7:
-
Palmitoleic acid
- C 17:0:
-
Margaric acid
- C 17:1n-7:
-
Margaroleic
- C 18:0:
-
Stearci acid
- C 18:1 trans-9:
-
Elaidic acid
- C 18:1trans-11:
-
Vaccenic acid
- C 18:1 cis-9:
-
Oleic acid
- C 18:2n-6 trans-9, trans-12:
-
Linolelaidic acid
- C 18:2n-6 cis-9, cis-12:cir 9:
-
Linoleic acid
- C 18:3n-6:
-
Gamma-linoleic acid (GLA)
- C 20: 0:
-
Arachidic acid
- C 20:1n-9cis-11:
-
Gadoleic acid
- C 18:3n 3cis-9,cis-12,cis-15:
-
Alfa-linolenic acid
- C 18:2cis-9,trans-11, CLA:
-
Rumenic acid – CLA isomer
- C 18:2 trans-10,cis-12, CLA:
-
CLA isomer
- C 18:2 cis-11, trans-13, CLA:
-
CLA isomer
- C 20:5n-3cis-5,cis-8, cis-11, cis-14, cis-17:
-
Eicosacpentanoic acid
- C 20:2n-6 cis-11, cis-14:
-
Eicosadienoic acid
- C 22:0:
-
Behenic acid
- C 20:3n-6 cis-8, cis-11, cis-14:
-
Eicosatrienoic acid
- C 20:4n-6 cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14:
-
Eicosapentanoic acid
- C 22:2n-6 cis-13, cis-16:
-
Docosadienoic acid
- C 24:0:
-
Lignoceric acid
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Rizzo, F.A., Júnior, J.S., Scheibler, R.B. et al. Biofortification of cow milk through dietary supplementation with sunflower oil: fatty acid profile, atherogenicity, and thrombogenic index. Trop Anim Health Prod 55, 269 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03670-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03670-9