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Perceived Men’s Feminization and Attitudes Toward Homosexuality: Heterosexual Men’s Reactions to the Decline of the Anti-Femininity Norm of Masculinity

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Abstract

One of the central dimensions of traditional masculinity is men’s renunciation of the feminine (i.e., the anti-femininity norm), and men’s endorsement of this norm constitutes one of the strongest predictors of negative attitudes toward homosexuality. However, egalitarian societies are undergoing a significant change: Gendered roles, stereotypes, and norms are evolving. Accordingly, many believe that men are becoming more feminine than before, and this change might have consequential effects. Across two studies conducted in Western countries, we investigated heterosexual men’s reaction to the perceived decline of the anti-femininity norm of masculinity on their attitudes toward homosexuality. The results consistently showed that perceived men’s feminization increased negative attitudes toward homosexuality (Study 1, n = 220), specifically among those participants who most strongly endorsed the anti-femininity norm (Study 2, n = 156). Furthermore, this pattern was driven by participants’ discomfort with homosexuality rather than by their motivation to reinstate the challenged gender dichotomy. We discuss the relevance of these findings for both the gender and sexual prejudice literatures.

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Acknowledgements

The present research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number: 100019-176080). We are grateful to Marion Chipeaux, Max Felder, and our practical work students for their help in collecting data.

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  1. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 40 bd. du Pont d’Arve, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland

    Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor & Jacques Berent

  2. School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia

    Joel Anderson

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Correspondence to Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor.

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Falomir-Pichastor, J.M., Berent, J. & Anderson, J. Perceived Men’s Feminization and Attitudes Toward Homosexuality: Heterosexual Men’s Reactions to the Decline of the Anti-Femininity Norm of Masculinity. Sex Roles 81, 208–222 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0985-6

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