Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution has serious adverse impacts on human health. Yet air pollution does not affect all individuals in the same way. Existing evidence of environmental inequality in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is limited and contradictory, despite 91% of premature death due to air pollution in LMIC. This study aims to estimate the association between community socioeconomic status (CSES) and ambient air pollution in eastern China. The study comprised 19,622 individuals. CSES was measured by income, occupation and education. Air pollution was measured by 4-year-average ambient levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO. Spatial autoregressive models and U-test was applied. Subsample analyses were conducted based on participants’ rural/urban location and hukou status. Air pollutant exposure had an inverted U-shaped correlation with CSES. Before (after) the inflection point, increasing CSES by 1% increased(decreased) community exposure to PM2.5 by 0.527% (0.379%), PM10 by 0.460%(0.215%), NO2 by 0.584%(0.288%), and CO by 0.582% (0.382%). All results remained robust in sensitivity analysis. Subsample analysis showed that compared to rural (urban) residents, the increment of air pollution exposure concentration for migrants was 4.042 (4.556) μg/m3 for PM2.5, 5.839 (10.624) μg/m3 for PM10, 3.212 (5.719) μg/m3 for NO2 and 0.205(0.208) mg/m3 for CO. Our study finds moderate SES communities facing the highest level of exposure. Our results aid policymakers to understand the locality-specific patterns of environmental pollution and to design intervention strategies to improve the environment, especially for economically vulnerable groups, such as migrants.
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Environmental data can be found at https://weijingrs.github.io/product.htm. We have no right to share the data from Sixth Health Services Survey.
Notes
The related documents can be accessed online at: http://m.sd.gov.cn/art/2020/1/16/art_107851_88218.html
The information can be accessed online at: https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/dqhjbh/dqhjzlbz/201203/t20120302_224165.htm
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Jialong Tan contributed to the conceptualization, methodology of the study and review and edit of the manuscript. Peizhe Yan contributed to the conceptualization, methodology of the study, analysis of the dataset and the write-up of the original manuscript. Shuaizhen Chen, Jing Bai, Zemin Zhang, Peilong Li and Yukang Hu contributed to the methodology, and validation and the write-up of the original manuscript. Stephen Nicholas, Elizabeth Maitland, Jian Wang reviewed and edited the manuscript. Chen Chen and Jingjie Sun contributed to the research's validation, management, and coordination. Jialong Tan and Chen Chen contributed to Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Appendix
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FAMD of socioeconomic factors
Distribution of 1–3 year air pollutants with CSES
Concentration of air pollutants: 4 year vs 1 year
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Tan, J., Yan, P., Wang, J. et al. Environmental inequality in eastern China: socio-economic status and air pollution. Popul Environ 46, 13 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-024-00454-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-024-00454-7