Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of 17-4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel with Various Ti Content

  • SINTERED METALS AND ALLOYS
  • Published:
Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics Aims and scope

In this study, the wear behaviour of aged 17-4 PH SS (precipitation hardening stainless steel) that contains 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% of Ti was examined. The mixed elemental powders (in wt.%: 17 Cr, 4 Cu, 4 Ni, 1 Mn, 1 Si, 0.3 Nb, 0.07 C, and Fe remaining) were cold-pressed (800 MPa), and the pre-formed 17-4 PH SS green compacts were sintered at 1300°C for 60 min in a 0.1 Pa vacuum and at 4 °C/min heating rate and cooled down in furnace to room temperature. Alloys with different amounts of titanium were aged at 480°C for 1, 4, and 8 h. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and density and hardness measurements were employed to characterize the aged alloys. The pin-on-disc apparatus was used for wear testing. The wear testing was performed under the sliding speed of 0.8 m/sec, two various loads (of 30 and 45 N), and at five different sliding distances of 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, and 3000 m. Research results showed that in 17-4 PH SS, the weight loss and density decreases with a higher titanium content, while their hardness increase. Thus, a higher amount of Ti addition contributes to lower weight losses. The friction coefficient shows the highest value in the samples containing 0.5% Ti and the lowest in the alloy containing 2% Ti. M23C6 and M3C carbides are formed in the microstructure of the material, as expected. From the SEM images of worn surfaces, the adhesive and oxidative wear mechanisms were determined as dominant. Due to the choice of composition with the highest hardness and corresponding sintering conditions, the wear resistance of alloys can be increased significantly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Z. Wang, H. Li, Q. Shen, W. Liu, and Z. Wang, “Nano-precipitates evolution and their effects on mechanical properties of 17-4 precipitation-hardening stainless steel,” Acta Mater., 156, 158–171 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Gholipour, M. Shamanian, and F. Ashrafizadeh, “Microstructure and wear behaviour of stellite 6 cladding on 17-4 PH stainless steel,” J. Alloys Compds., 509, 4905–4909 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. H. Riazi, F. Ashrafizadeh, S.R. Hosseini, and R. Ghomashchi, “Influence of simultaneous aging and plasma nitriding on fatigue performance of 17-4 PH stainless steel,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 703, 262–269 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Wang, H. Zou, C. Li, S. Qiu, and B. Shen, “The spinodal decomposition in 17-4 PH stainless steel subjected to long-term aging at 350°C,” Mater. Charact., 59, 587–591 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Mirzadeh and A. Najafizadeh, “Aging kinetics of 17-4 PH stainless steel,” Mater. Chem. Phys., 116, 119–124 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, J. Hernandez, S. Collins, K.N. Amato, S.M. Gaytan, and P.W. Shindo, “Microstructures and properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., 1, No. 3, 167–177 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. C.N. Hsiao, C.S. Chiou, and J.R. Yang, “Aging reactions in a 17-4 PH stainless steel,” Mater. Chem. Phys., 74, 134–142 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. E. Nalcacioglu, D. Ozyurek, and K. Cetinkaya, “Investigation of the effect of molybdenum amount on wear behaviour of 17-4 PH stainless steel produced by powder metallurgy,” J. Balkan Tribolog. Associat., 22, No. 1, 261–271 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  9. S.A. Parsons and D.V. Edmonds, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon ferritepearlite steels micro alloyed with vanadium,” Mater. Sci. Technol., 3, 894–904 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Gunduz and R.C. Cochrane, “Influence of cooling rate and tempering on precipitation and hardness of vanadium micro alloyed steel,” Mater. Des., 26, 486–492 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M.A. Erden, S. Gunduz, H. Karabulut, and M. Turkmen, “Effect of vanadium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon micro alloyed powder metallurgy steels,” Mater. Testing., 58, No. 5, 433–437 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Wang, H. Zou, C. Li, S. Qiu, and B. Shen, “The effect of microstructural evolution on hardening behaviour of type 17-4 PH stainless steel in long-term aging at 350°C,” Mater. Charact., 57, 274–280 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Bhambroo, S. Roychowdhury, V. Kain, and V.S. Raja, “Effect of reverted austenite on mechanical properties of precipitation hardenable 17-4 stainless steel,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 568, 127–133 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. G. Li, J. Wang, C. Li, Q. Peng, J. Gao, and B. Shen, “Microstructure and dry-sliding wear properties of DC plasma nitrided 17-4 PH stainless steel,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 266, 1964–1970 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. H.O. Gulsoy, “Dry sliding wear in injection moulded 17-4 PH stainless steel powder with nickel boride additions,” Wear, 262, 491–497 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. H.O. Gulsoy, S. Salman, and S. Ozbek, “Effect of FeB additions on sintering characteristics of injection moulded 17-4 PH stainless steel powder,” J. Mater. Sci., 39, Issue 15, 4835–4840 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. H.O. Gulsoy, “Influence of nickel boride additions on sintering behaviours of injection moulded 17-4 PH stainless steel powder,” Scripta Mater., 52, No. 3, 187–192 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. H.J. Sung, T.K. Ha, S. Ahn, and Y.W. Chang, “Powder injection moulding of a 17-4 PH stainless steel and the effect of sintering temperature on its microstructure and mechanical properties,” J. Mater. Proces. Technol., 130, 321–327 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. C. Cetinkaya, T. Findik, and S. Ozbilen, “Characterisation of mechanically milled 17-4 PH gas atomized stainless steel powders,” Mater. Des., 28, No. 1, 266–271 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. Cetinkaya, T. Findik, and S. Ozbilen, “An investigation into the effect of experimental parameters on powder grain size of the mechanically milled 17-4 PH stainless steel powders,” Mater. Des., 28, No. 3, 773–782 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Kalyon, D. Ozyurek, M. Gunay, and H. Aztekin, “Dry sliding wear behaviours of valve seat insert produced from high chromium white iron,” High Temp. Mater. Processes, 34, No. 7, 635–641 (2015).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. E. Salahinejad, M.J. Hadianfard, M. Ghaffari, and Sh.B. Mashhadi, “Liquid-phase sintering of medicalgrade P558 stainless steel using a new biocompotative eutectic additive,” Mater. Lett., 74, 209–212 (2012)..

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.D. Bressan, D.P. Daros, A. Sokolowski, R.A. Mesquita, and C.A. Barbosa, “Influence of hardness on the wear resistance of 17-4 PH stainless steel evaluated by the pin-on-disc testing,” J. Mater. Proces. Technol., 205, No. 1–3, 353–359 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. D. Ozyurek and I. Ciftci, “An investigation into wear behaviour of TiB2 particle reinforced aluminum composites produced by mechanical alloying,” Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 18, No. 1–2, 5–12 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. I. Saglam, D. Ozyurek, and K. Cetinkaya, “Effect of ageing treatment on wear properties and electrical conductivity of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy,” Bull. Mater. Sci., 34, No. 7, 1465–1470 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. D. Ozyurek, I. Ciftci, and T. Tuncay, “The effect of aging and sliding speed on wear behaviour of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy,” Mater. Testing., 55, No. 6, 468–471 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karabuk University, Technology Faculty, Karabuk, Turkey

    Dursun Ozyurek, Ender Nalcacioglu & Kerim Cetinkaya

Authors
  1. Dursun Ozyurek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ender Nalcacioglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kerim Cetinkaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dursun Ozyurek.

Additional information

Published in Poroshkova Metallurgiya, Vol. 59, Nos. 7–8 (534), pp. 39–48, 2020.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ozyurek, D., Nalcacioglu, E. & Cetinkaya, K. Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of 17-4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel with Various Ti Content. Powder Metall Met Ceram 59, 386–393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-020-00172-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-020-00172-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation