Abstract
Background and aims
Water spinach readily uptakes cadmium (Cd), posing a risk to human health. Selecting low-Cd cultivars is a promising mitigation strategy, but its extensive utilization is limited without a clear understanding of the critical plant factors determining Cd accumulation. This study aimed to elucidate the effects and interactions of the radial oxygen loss (ROL) and iron (Fe) plaque on the Cd accumulation in different water spinach cultivars and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods
A pot and four hydroponic experiments using ten water spinach cultivars were conducted with different aeration, Fe supply, and Cd stress treatments.
Results
The Cd accumulation of different cultivars was determined by both root uptake and root-to-shoot transport. There were 4.0-, 3.8- and 6.3-fold differences among different cultivars in ROL, Fe plaque, and shoot Cd accumulation, respectively. Rhizosphere and root Fe plaque reduced root Cd uptake and were regulated by Fe supply and ROL. Increased ROL under stagnant conditions enhanced Fe plaque and induced its redistribution along root axes. Root Cd retention through compartmentalization and chelation inhibited root-to-shoot Cd translocation.
Conclusion
The Fe plaque, ROL, and root Cd retention formed an interactive system to decrease the Cd uptake and accumulation in water spinach. Low-Cd cultivars exhibited higher ROL, greater Fe plaque and more effective root Cd retention, and responded to stagnant conditions with greater ROL increases and more enhanced Fe deposition on root surfaces. This study provides new insights into the Cd accumulation mechanisms in water spinach and a theoretical basis for selecting low-Cd cultivars.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977329 and 41501355), the Anhui Quality Engineering Project Practice Education Base (2021xqhzsjjd069), and Hefei University Quality Engineering Project Course Ideological and Political Demonstration (2021hfukcsz09).
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Qingqing Xiao: conceptualization, material preparation, data collection, and experiments. Yuanyuan Tang: review, editing, and funding acquisition. Lu Huang: review and editing. Yihan Chi: data curation, formal analysis and visualization, and writing. Zhihong Ye: conceptualization, review, and funding acquisition. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Xiao, Q., Tang, Y., Huang, L. et al. Radial oxygen loss and iron plaque function as an integrated system to mitigate the cadmium accumulation in water spinach. Plant Soil 498, 243–258 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06432-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06432-6