Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess how the extraradical mycelium (ERM) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contributes to Cd immobilization in the rhizosphere. Substrates prepared by cultivation of AM and non-mycorrhizal tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in quartz sand in two experiments were amended with Cd in a range of concentrations and Cd immobilization was assessed as Cd toxicity using root growth tests. Split-root plants, inoculated at one part of the root system, and hyphal compartments colonized by ERM only were used to separate the effects of ERM from plant-mediated effects of mycorrhiza and from the effects of roots. AM decreased Cd toxicity in the substrates obtained by 12 weeks of cultivation (Experiment 1), while the effect was less clear after 8 weeks (Experiment 2). No indication was found for an involvement of plant-mediated effects; in contrast, the effect of ERM could be clearly demonstrated. Lower Cd toxicity in the substrates colonized by ERM was related to ERM-induced alkalinization, but not directly to ERM density. It is concluded that the ERM of AM fungi may enhance Cd immobilisation in soil not only due to its high Cd sorption capacity but also by its activity.
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Acknowledgements
Financial support for this study was mainly provided by the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (project No. KJB600050706) and by the institutional projects AV0Z60050516 (Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) and MSM 6046070901 (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic). We are also grateful to M. Opičková for excellent technical assistance, T. Frantík for advice on statistical analyses and R. Sudová, J. Rydlová, D. Püschel for useful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.
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Janoušková, M., Pavlíková, D. Cadmium immobilization in the rhizosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants by the fungal extraradical mycelium. Plant Soil 332, 511–520 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0317-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0317-2