Abstract
Purpose
Measurement of skin absorption of ions requires specific experimental protocols regarding the use of pig skin as a model, the viability of excised skin in water medium over 24 h, the presence of endogenous ions, and evaluation of the contributions of facilitated transport through ion channels and ion transporters.
Method
Absorption experiments of halide anions F−, Cl−, Br− and I− in excised skin were performed in Franz diffusion cells. Experiments were performed on human and porcine skin under various conditions so as to define and validate experimental protocols.
Results
The distributions of endogenous ions and the absorption kinetics of halide ions were similar in both porcine and human skin models. Fresh skin kept its viability over 24 h in salt-free water, allowing experiments following OECD guidelines. Permeation increased in the order F− < Cl− < Br− < I− for all receptor media and skin samples. Absorption was larger in fresh skin due to the transport through chloride channels or exchangers.
Conclusion
Skin absorption experiments of ions in Franz cells rely on working with fresh excised skin (human or porcine) and pure water as receptor fluid. Experiments with chloride blockers or frozen/thawed skin allow discriminating passive diffusion and facilitated transport.
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Abbreviations
- CaCC:
-
Ca2+ activated Cl− channels
- CFTR:
-
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- ClC:
-
Chloride channel
- D:
-
Dermis
- DF:
-
Donor fluid
- DIDS:
-
4,4′-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid
- HBSS:
-
Hank’s balanced salt solution. It contains 1 g.L−1 of glucose in its composition.
- IAA-94:
-
Indanyloxyacetic acid
- IC:
-
Ion chromatography
- ICP-OES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
- LDH:
-
Lactate deshydrogenase
- NCC:
-
Sodium-chloride symporter (also known as Na+-Cl− co-transporter)
- NIS:
-
Sodium-iodide symporter
- NKCC:
-
Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter
- RF:
-
Receptor fluid
- SC:
-
Stratum corneum
- SSG:
-
Serum saline (physiological serum saline solution NaCl 9 g.L−1) containing 1 g.L−1 of glucose
- VE:
-
Viable epidermis
- WG:
-
Ultrapure water (resistivity >18 MΩ.cm at 25°C) containing 1 g.L−1 of glucose
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES
The support of the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (France) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Paweloszek, R., Briançon, S., Chevalier, Y. et al. Skin Absorption of Anions: Part One. Methodology for In Vitro Cutaneous Absorption Measurements. Pharm Res 33, 1564–1575 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-1909-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-1909-1