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Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of three types of litchi pericarps reveals that changes in the hormone balance constitute the molecular basis of the fruit cracking susceptibility of Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying

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Abstract

Many Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying orchards are suffering from a serious fruit cracking problem, but few studies have improved our understanding of the mechanism or the molecular basis of cracking susceptibility in ‘Baitangying’. We conducted metabolome and transcriptome analyses of three types of litchi pericarps. To prevent passive progression after fruit cracking from affecting the results, we mainly focused on 11 metabolites and 101 genes that showed the same regulatory status and overlap in pairwise comparisons of cracking ‘Baitangying’ versus noncracking ‘Baitangying’ and noncracking ‘Baitangying’ versus noncracking ‘Feizixiao’. Compared with the cracking-resistant cultivar ‘Feizixiao’, the ‘Baitangying’ pericarp has higher abscisic acid contents, and the presence of relevant metabolites and genes suggests increased biosynthesis of ethylene and jasmonic acid and decreased auxin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The fruit cracking-susceptible trait in ‘Baitangying’ might be associated with differences in the balance of these five types of hormones between the pericarp of this cultivar and that of ‘Feizixiao’. Additionally, combined analyses showed a correspondence between the metabolite profiles and transcript patterns. qRT-PCR validation indicated the reliability of our high-throughput results. The acquired information might help in further studying the mechanisms that mediate fruit cracking susceptibility in ‘Baitangying’ and other litchi cultivars.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (No. 1630062016005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agro-forestry Engineering & Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China

    Ju-Gang Wang & Xiao-Min Gao

  2. South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China

    Ju-Gang Wang, Xiao-Min Gao, Zhi-Ling Ma, Jing Chen, Ya-Nan Liu & Wei-Qi Shi

  3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China

    Ju-Gang Wang, Xiao-Min Gao, Zhi-Ling Ma, Jing Chen, Ya-Nan Liu & Wei-Qi Shi

  4. Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China

    Ju-Gang Wang, Jing Chen, Ya-Nan Liu & Wei-Qi Shi

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11033_2019_4986_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 444 kb) Fig. S1 Permutation test (n = 200) of the orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models for the comparative analysis of the three groups (CB vs. B, B vs. F, and CB vs. F) in the positive (above the dotted line) and negative (below the dotted line) detection modes. The green dots and the blue squares represent the R2 and Q2 values, respectively, obtained by the permutation test, and the two dashed lines represent their regression lines. B, ‘Baitangying’; CB, cracking ‘Baitangying’; F, ‘Feizixiao’; R2, coefficient; Q2, cross-validated correlation coefficient

11033_2019_4986_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 2 (TIFF 1607 kb) Fig. S2 Volcano plots of the differentially expressed metabolites (DEM) identified in the three comparative analyses: CB vs. B (A), B vs. F (B), and CB vs. F (C). The bubble size represents the VIP value of each potential biomarker. The red and blue bubbles represent the upregulated and downregulated biomarkers, respectively, and the gray bubble indicates that the biomarker was not found to be significantly differentially expressed in the comparative analysis

Supplementary material 3 (XLSX 11 kb) Table S1 Primer pairs used for qRT-PCR

Supplementary material 4 (XLSX 63 kb) Table S2 All metabolites detected in the present study

11033_2019_4986_MOESM5_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary material 5 (XLSX 28 kb) Table S3 Differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) identified in the three comparative analyses: CB vs. B (Sheet 1), B vs. F (Sheet 2), and CB vs. F (Sheet 3). The VIP value is the variable importance in the projection of the first principal component in orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, the Q value is the corrected P value in Student’s t-test, and the fold change was calculated as the ratio of the case_relative content to the control_relative content

11033_2019_4986_MOESM6_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary material 6 (XLSX 28 kb) Table S4 Continuously up/downregulated transcripts from the CB to F pericarps. Detailed information of these transcripts, including sequencing ID, annotation (predicted function, gene name, UniProt ID, GO ID and KEGG pathway), the log2 (fold change) and FDR values obtained in two comparative analyses (CB vs. B and B vs. F), and continuously regulated status (down/up), is shown

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Wang, JG., Gao, XM., Ma, ZL. et al. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of three types of litchi pericarps reveals that changes in the hormone balance constitute the molecular basis of the fruit cracking susceptibility of Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying. Mol Biol Rep 46, 5295–5308 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04986-2

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