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Jaguar distribution, biological corridors and protected areas in Mexico: from science to public policies

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Abstract

Context

Land use change, habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to jaguar conservation in Latin America. Here, we integrate the information of jaguar’s distribution to identify priority areas for its conservation.

Objective

We evaluated the effect of topographic, anthropogenic and landscape variables on habitat suitability to evaluate potential core areas and biological corridors for jaguar conservation across Mexico.

Methods

We compiled a database of jaguar occurrence records, geospatial data-set of all Natural Protected Areas and using the expert criterion of the Mexican jaguar specialists to define Jaguar Geographic Regions; i.e. well-defined large units with similar ecological characteristics across the geographic range of jaguars in Mexico. We then conducted analyses of ecological niche models to identify Jaguar Conservation Units; i.e. core units with jaguar populations of 15 or more individuals. We used Least Cost Path and Circuit Theory analyses to define the Biological Corridors; i.e. regions with enough habitat to allow for jaguar dispersal along their geographic range, but putting emphasis in connecting Jaguar Conservation Units.

Results

We identified 5 Jaguar Geographic Regions (JGRs), 10 Jaguar Conservation Units (JCUs), and 13 Biological Corridors to maintain the connectivity of jaguar’s populations across their whole geographic range in Mexico. Our results showed that JGRs cover 25% of the country but only 21% of those regions are currently protected in nature reserves. So, our study illustrates the importance of the creation of new protected areas or the implementation of other schemes of conservation to protect larger extensions of the jaguars’ habitat in Mexico. It also indicates that despite the reduction of jaguar range in Mexico, there are still relatively large and well conserved areas capable of maintaining jaguar populations.

Conclusions

Our results are a fundamental tool to guide the conservation and management of jaguars in Mexico. Our findings indicate that public jaguar conservation policy to protect the remaining jaguar habitat in Mexico should include the following actions: i) Strengthen established protected areas, ii) Create new protected areas, iii) Implement sustainable development programs to stimulate land owners to protect their lands, and iv) Develop mitigation measures for infrastructure. Although the window of opportunity is closing, our results indicate that there is still time to save jaguars and the plethora of species that share their habitat in Mexico.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our profound gratitude to all the people and institutions that have helped us in developing our work on jaguar ecology and conservation. We are extremely grateful to the Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico (DGAPA), Alianza WWF-Fundación Telmex/Telcel, Amigos de Calakmul, and Servicios Ecólogicos y Científicos for the continuous financial support that has made possible and successful this study. We are especially thankful to Marcela Velasco and Sergio Pathger from Telcel for their continuous support and encouragement. We are also grateful to the Institute of Ecology at National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the National Commission of Protected Areas (CONANP) of the Mexican Ministry of the Environment, and the Fundación del Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (FBBVA) for their logistic or financial support. Special thanks to Jesus Pacheco, who provided logistic support and to Dr. Ronald Bjorkland for comments and editing of a previous version of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, D. F., Mexico

    Gerardo Ceballos & Erik Joaquín Torres-Romero

  2. School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

    J. Antonio de la Torre

  3. Programa Jaguares de la Selva Maya, Bioconciencia A.C., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

    J. Antonio de la Torre

  4. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, CBS Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Av. de las Garzas 10, Col. El Panteón, 52005, Lerma de Villada, Estado de Mexico, Mexico

    Heliot Zarza & Cuauhtémoc Chávez

  5. Independent Consultant, Marqués de las Amarillas No.13, Col. Lomas del Marqués, C.P. 76146, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

    Marco Huerta

  6. Ecological Reserve El Edén (Reserva Ecologica el Edén A.C.), 207 Teocaltiche St. 77506, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico

    Marco A. Lazcano-Barrero

  7. Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, D. F., Mexico

    Horacio Barcenas

  8. Primero Conservation, P.O. Box 16106, Portal, Arizona, 85632, USA

    Ivonne Cassaigne

  9. Naturalia A. C., Comité para la Conservación de Especies Silvestres, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico

    Gerardo Carreón & Oscar Moctezuma

  10. Predator Conservation A.C., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

    Arturo Caso & Sasha Carvajal

  11. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04318, Mexico, D. F., Mexico

    Andrés García

  12. BioFutura AC, Artículo 6, 42080, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico

    Jonathan Job Morales

  13. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100. Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico

    Octavio Monroy-Vilchis

  14. Laboratorio de Conservación Biológica, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, km 4.5, Col. Carboneras. Mineral de la Reforma, 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico

    Fernando Ruiz

Authors
  1. Gerardo Ceballos
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  2. J. Antonio de la Torre
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  3. Heliot Zarza
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  4. Marco Huerta
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  14. Oscar Moctezuma
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  15. Octavio Monroy-Vilchis
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  16. Fernando Ruiz
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  17. Erik Joaquín Torres-Romero
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Correspondence to Gerardo Ceballos.

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Ceballos, G., de la Torre, J.A., Zarza, H. et al. Jaguar distribution, biological corridors and protected areas in Mexico: from science to public policies. Landscape Ecol 36, 3287–3309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01264-0

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