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Exploration of Students’ Social Presence in Web-Based Discussion for Conceptual Learning of Organic Chemistry

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Abstract

The current work reports the results of students’ social presence in web-based discussions for their conceptual learning of organic chemistry. The results in this study were collected from the examined students-students, students-instructor, and students-learning materials interactions via the designed web-based discussion. We created an online forum known as “Universal Chemistry Network” to enhance communication among students and teachers in organic chemistry classes. The population comprises four hundred thirty-two (432) 11th-grade students studying chemistry in these combinations. However, a sample of 138 chemistry students was purposively selected from 36 secondary schools located in Kicukiro District in Rwanda. A questionnaire composed of multiple-choice and open-ended questions and a chemistry achievement test were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and interpretive analysis. The results revealed that the use of web-based discussion is a potentially effective teaching method for enhancing student–student and student–teacher interactions in organic chemistry classes. Students appreciated this teaching and learning method as it helped them to search for additional information related to the subject taught and exchange ideas, knowledge, and experiences. The web-based discussion was also found to provide the students with the potential confidence and motivation to express easily their opinions. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that web-based discussion increases students’ academic performance in organic chemistry (p < 0.001, \(\eta =0.406)\). However, there is no statistically significant difference in the mean score between males and females (p > 0.05, \(\eta =\) 0.27). The challenges faced by students during web-based discussions while learning organic chemistry were also examined.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. African Center of Excellence for Innovative in Teaching and Learning Mathematics and Science (ACEITLMS), Rukara, Kayonza, Rwanda

    Aloys Iyamuremye, Janvier Mukiza, Ezechiel Nsabayezu, Jean de Dieu Kwitonda & Claude Habimana

  2. School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, Rukara, Kayonza, Rwanda

    Aloys Iyamuremye, Janvier Mukiza, Ezechiel Nsabayezu, Jean de Dieu Kwitonda & Claude Habimana

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  1. Aloys Iyamuremye
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  2. Janvier Mukiza
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Correspondence to Aloys Iyamuremye.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Students’ Performance Test for Organic Chemistry

Instruction: This Test is Composed of 50 Multiple-choice Questions; Answer all Questions by Encircling the Best one Answer. Duration: 2 h

  1. 1.

    Chloroform is also called

    1. A

      Chloromethane

    2. B

      Dichloromethane

    3. C

      Trichloromethane

    4. D

      Tetra chloromethane

  2. 2.

    What is the physical state of the first four alkanes?

    1. A

      Solid

    2. B

      Liquid

    3. C

      Gas

    4. D

      Plasma

  3. 3.

    Which of the following is used as an anesthetic?

    1. A

      Dichloromethane

    2. B

      Tetra chloromethane

    3. C

      Methyl chloride

    4. D

      Chloroform

  4. 4.

    How many Isomers does C6H14 have?

    1. A

      4

    2. B

      6

    3. C

      3

    4. D

      5

  5. 5.

    What is the name of this compound?

    1. A

      Butyne

    2. B

      Butane

    3. C

      Ethene

    4. D

      Ethyne

  6. 6.

    Which of the following is given off during ripening of fruits and vegetables?

    1. A

      Ethane

    2. B

      Ethene

    3. C

      Ethyne

    4. D

      Methane

  7. 7.

    Loss of hydrogen halide is called

    1. A

      Halogenation

    2. B

      Dehydration

    3. C

      Dehydrohalogenation

    4. D

      Hydrogenation

  8. 8.

    Alkenes can be oxidized using powerful oxidizing agent in acidified medium.

    1. A

      Potassium manganate (VII)

    2. B

      Sodium manganate (VI)

    3. C

      Calcium manganate (VI)

    4. D

      All of them

  9. 9.

    The molecular formula of_______fit the general formula (CnH2n-2).

    1. A

      Alkanes

    2. B

      Alkynes

    3. C

      Alcohols

    4. D

      Alkenes

  10. 10.

    Example of addition reactions include all but one of the following. Which is the odd one out?

    1. A

      Combustion of propene

    2. B

      Reaction of Cl2 with propene

    3. C

      Reaction of HBr with but-2-ene

    4. D

      Polymerization of ethene

  11. 11.

    What type of reaction do alkynes undergo across triple bond?

    1. A

      Elimination reaction

    2. B

      Substitution reaction

    3. C

      Addition reaction

    4. D

      Halogenation

  12. 12.

    Acetylene is also called

    1. A

      Ethyne

    2. B

      Ethene

    3. C

      Ethane

    4. D

      Methane

  13. 13.

    What product(s) will be obtained from the acid-catalysed hydration of pent-2-yne?

    1. A

      Pentanal

    2. B

      Pent-2-one and pentan-3-one

    3. C

      Pentan-2-one

    4. D

      Pentan-3-one

  14. 14.

    Which statement is incorrect about reactions of propene?

    1. A

      Reaction with Br2 and H2O gives 1-bromo propan-2-ol as the main product.

    2. B

      Polymerization of propene gives polypropene, of which the isotactic and syndiotactic forms are commercially valuable.

    3. C

      Reaction with Br2 in the presence of a radical initiator yields 2-bromopropane as the major product.

    4. D

      No correct answer.

  15. 15.

    Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

    1. A

      The electrophilic addition of HBr to but-2-ene involves a secondary carbonium ion intermediate. 91

    2. B

      In the presence of a radical initiator, HBr reacts with but-1-ene to give 1- bromobutane as the major product.

    3. C

      In the presence of a radical initiator, HBr reacts with but-1-ene to give a Markovnikov addition product.

    4. D

      The major product of the electrophilic addition of HBr to hex-1-ene is 2- bromohexane.

  16. 16.

    Compound X, C4H8O2, has an unbranched carbon chain. An aqueous solution of X has an approximate pH of 3. Compound Y, C3H8O, is a secondary alcohol. X and Y are reacted together in the presence of a little concentrated sulphuric acid to form Z as the major organic product. What is the structural formula of Z?

    1. A

      (CH3)2CHCO2CH2CH2CH3

    2. B

      CH3(CH2)2CO2CH(CH3)2

    3. C

      CH3(CH2)2CO2(CH2)2CH3

    4. D

      (CH3)2CHCO2CH(CH3)2

  17. 17.

    The ester CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH (CH3)2 was hydrolysed under acidic conditions. What are the organic products of this hydrolysis?

    1. A

      Butanoic acid and 2-methylpropan-1-ol

    2. B

      Butanoic acid and 2-methylpropan-2-ol

    3. C

      Butan-1-ol and 2-methylpropanoic acid

    4. D

      Propanoic acid and 2-methylpropan-1-ol

  18. 18.

    An unknown organic compound reacts with sodium to give a combustible gas as one product but does not give a yellow precipitate with alkaline aqueous iodine. What is a possible identity of the unknown organic compound?

    1. A

      Propanal

    2. B

      Propan-1-ol

    3. C

      Propan-2-ol

    4. D

      Propanone

  19. 19.

    What is the intoxicating ingredient found in alcoholic beverages?

    1. A

      Kerosene

    2. B

      Ethanol

    3. C

      Petroleum

  20. 20.

    What is the process of turning sugar into alcohol is called?

    1. A

      Agitation

    2. B

      Composting

    3. C

      Fermentation

  21. 21.

    Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is affected by

    1. A

      Height

    2. B

      Weight

    3. C

      Gender

    4. D

      All of the above

  22. 22.

    Drinking alcohol interferes with the body’s stress response system and the production of the chemical called

    1. A

      Tylenol

    2. B

      Cortisol

    3. C

      Petrol

    4. D

      Glycol

  23. 23.

    Fats and oils are esters of fatty acids with trihydroxy alcohol called

    1. A

      Ethanol

    2. B

      Methanol

    3. C

      Glycerol

    4. D

      Propanol

  24. 24.

    The general formula for alcohols is

    1. A

      R–OH

    2. B

      R-O-R

    3. C

      R–COOH

    4. D

      R–NH2

  25. 25.

    Which of the following methods cannot produce aldehydes?

    1. A

      Oxidation of primary alcohols

    2. B

      Dehydrogenation of secondary alcohol

    3. C

      Ozonolysis of alkenes

    4. D

      Hydration of ethyne with acid

  26. 26.

    Which of the following reactions can produce ketones?

    1. A

      Oxidation of primary alcohols

    2. B

      Dehydrogenation of primary alcohols

    3. C

      Dehydrogenation of tertiary alcohols

    4. D

      Oxidation of secondary alcohols

  27. 27.

    Conversion of propyne to acetone requires three important reagents. Identify which of the following is not one of the three?

    1. A

      Water

    2. B

      Zinc dust

    3. C

      H2SO4

    4. D

      HgSO4

  28. 28.

    Which of the following carbonyl compounds can be prepared from Rosenmund reaction?

    1. A

      Methanal

    2. B

      Acetone

    3. C

      Butanone

    4. D

      Benzaldehyde

  29. 29.

    Acetyl chloride reacts with _______ to give butan-2-one.

    1. A

      Cadmium chloride

    2. B

      Methyl magnesium chloride

    3. C

      Dimethyl cadmium

    4. D

      Diethyl cadmium

  30. 30.

    Friedel-Crafts benzoylation of benzene gives ________

    1. A

      Acetophenone

    2. B

      Propiophenone

    3. C

      Benzophenone

    4. D

      No reaction

  31. 31.

    What are some of the chemical properties of ethers?

    1. A

      Colorless and sweet smelling

    2. B

      Liquid at room temperature

    3. C

      Low boiling point

    4. D

      All of the answers are correct.

  32. 32.

    Why was ether replaced with other sedatives for anesthesia during surgery?

    1. A

      Ether is flammable.

    2. B

      Sometimes, ether may wear off during surgery.

    3. C

      Ether caused permanent brain damage.

    4. D

      The sweet smell of ether is unpleasant for many patients.

  33. 33.

    An ether is more volatile than an alcohol having the same molecular formula. What is the reason for this difference?

    1. A

      Dipolar character of ethers

    2. B

      Alcohols having resonance structure

    3. C

      Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in ethers

    4. D

      Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols

  34. 34.

    Which of the following is used as catalyst for the esterification of carboxylic acid and alcohol?

    1. A

      Nitrous acid

    2. B

      Sulphuric acid

    3. C

      Sulphurous acid

    4. D

      Nitric acid

  35. 35.

    What will be the product for the given reaction? CH3OH + CO → ?

    1. A

      Ethyl formate

    2. B

      Methyl formate

    3. C

      Ethyl acetate

    4. D

      Methyl acetate

  36. 36.

    Hydrolysis of ester leads to the formation of which of the following products in basic medium?

    1. A

      Ether and alcohol

    2. B

      Alcohol and sodium carboxylate

    3. C

      Aldehyde and alcohol

    4. D

      Sodium carboxylate

  37. 37.

    Fries rearrangement reaction of phenol ester leads to the formation which type of product?

    1. A

      Ketone

    2. B

      Aldehyde

    3. C

      Alcohol

    4. D

      Alkene

  38. 38.

    CCl3COOH is the strongest of

    1. A

      Acids

    2. B

      Bases

    3. C

      Alkalis

    4. D

      Compounds

  39. 39.

    The reaction of Acyl chlorides with alcohols and phenols will give

    1. A

      Esters

    2. B

      Ketones

    3. C

      Aldehydes

    4. D

      Haloalkanes

  40. 40.

    Acyl chlorides are made by reacting carboxylic acids with

    1. A

      PCl5

    2. B

      PCl3

    3. C

      SOCl2

    4. D

      All of them

  41. 41.

    Vinegar contains a carboxylic acid known as

    1. A

      Citric acid

    2. B

      Ethanoic acid

    3. C

      Acetic acid

    4. D

      Both b and c

  42. 42.

    For synthesis of carboxylic acid intermediate product needed is

    1. A

      Aldehyde

    2. B

      Aryls

    3. C

      Benzene

    4. D

      Carboxylic acid

  43. 43.

    Ethylamine can be prepared by the action of bromine and caustic potash on which compound?

    1. A

      Acetamide

    2. B

      Propionamide

    3. C

      Formamide

    4. D

      Methyl cyanide

  44. 44.

    Reduction of nitroalkanes yields which compound?

    1. A

      Acid

    2. B

      Alcohol

    3. C

      Amine

    4. D

      Diazo compounds

  45. 45.

    What is the name of the reaction when acetamide changes into methylamine?

    1. A

      Hofmann bromamide reaction

    2. B

      Hofmann reaction

    3. C

      Friedel-Craft’s reaction

    4. D

      Hinsberg reaction

  46. 46.

    When methyl iodide is heated with ammonia, what is the product obtained?

    1. A

      Methylamine

    2. B

      Dimethylamine

    3. C

      Trimethylamine

    4. D

      A mixture of methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine

  47. 47.

    The Hinsberg’s method is used for which of the following?

    1. A

      Preparation of primary amines

    2. B

      Preparation of secondary amines

    3. C

      Preparation of tertiary amines

    4. D

      Separation of amine mixtures

  48. 48.

    Which one of the following compound gives a secondary amine on reduction?

    1. A

      Nitromethane

    2. B

      Nitrobenzene

    3. C

      Methyl isocyanide

    4. D

      Methyl cyanide

  49. 49.

    When ethanol is mixed with ammonia and passed over alumina the compound formed is which compound?

    1. A

      C2H5NH2

    2. B

      C2H4

    3. C

      C2H5OC2H5

    4. D

      CH3OCH3

  50. 50.

    The reduction of phenyl isocyanide with H2 and Ni catalyst gives a/an _________

    1. A

      Primary amine

    2. B

      Secondary amine

    3. C

      Tertiary amine

    4. D

      Arylalkyl amine

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Iyamuremye, A., Mukiza, J., Nsabayezu, E. et al. Exploration of Students’ Social Presence in Web-Based Discussion for Conceptual Learning of Organic Chemistry. J Sci Educ Technol 32, 111–126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-022-09997-6

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