Abstract
Based on the earthquake event data accumulated by the Turkish National Seismic Network between 2007 and 2013, the local magnitude (Richter, Ml) scale is calibrated for Turkey and the close neighborhood. A total of 137 earthquakes (Mw > 3.5) are used for the Ml inversion for the whole country. Three Ml scales, whole country, East, and West Turkey, are developed, and the scales also include the station correction terms. Since the scales for the two parts of the country are very similar, it is concluded that a single Ml scale is suitable for the whole country. Available data indicate the new scale to suffer from saturation beyond magnitude 6.5. For this data set, the horizontal amplitudes are on average larger than vertical amplitudes by a factor of 1.8. The recommendation made is to measure Ml amplitudes on the vertical channels and then add the logarithm scale factor to have a measure of maximum amplitude on the horizontal. The new Ml is compared to Mw from EMSC, and there is almost a 1:1 relationship, indicating that the new scale gives reliable magnitudes for Turkey.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alsaker A, Kvamme LB, Hansen RA, Dahle A, Bungum H (1991) The ML scale in Norway. Bull Seism Soc Am 81(2):379–398
Bakun WH, Joyner WB (1984) The Ml scale in central California. Bull Seism Soc Am 74:1827–1843
Baumbach M, Bindi D, Grosser H, Milkereit C, Parolai S, Wang R, Karakisa S, Zunbul S, Zschau J (2003) Calibration of an ML scale in Northwestern Turkey from 1999 Izmit aftershocks. Bull Seism Soc Am 93(5):2289–2295
Bindi D, Parolai S, Görgün E, Grosser H, Milkereit C, Bohnhoff M, Durukal E (2007) ML scale in Northwestern Turkey from 1999 Izmit aftershocks: updates. Bull Seism Soc Am 97(1B):331–338
Bobbio A, Vassallo M, Festa G (2009) A local magnitude scale for southern Italy. Bull Seismol Soc Am 99(4):2461–2470
Bozkurt E (2001) Neotectonics of Turkey – a synthesis. Geodin Acta 14:3–30
Bragato PL, Tento A (2005) Local magnitude in northeastern Italy. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95(2):579–591
Gasperini P (2002) Local magnitude revaluation for recent Italian earthquakes (1981–1996). J Seismol 6(4):503–524
Geofon-Gitews Development Group (2009). Seiscomp 3 Manual, Potsdam
Giardini D, di Donato M, Boschi E (1997) Calibration of magnitude scales for earthquakes of the Mediterranean. J Seism 1(2):161–180
Havskov J, Ottemöller L (2010) Routine data processing in earthquake seismology. Springer, The Netherlands, p 347
Herrmann RB (1975) The use of duration as a measure of seismic moment and magnitude. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65(4):899–913
Hutton LK, Boore DM (1987) The Ml scale in Southern California. Bull Seism Soc Am 77:2074–2094
Kadirioğlu, FT, Kartal RF, Kılıç T, Kalafat D, Duman TY, Özalp S, Emre Ö (2014) An Improved Earthquake Catalogue (M ≥ 4.0) For Turkey And Near Surrounding (1900–2012). Proceedings of 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, İstanbul Aug. 25–29 2014, Page:411–422
Keir D, Stuart G, Jackson A, Ayele A (2006) Local earthquake magnitude scale and seismicity rate for the Ethiopian Rift. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(6):2221–2230
Kim W-Y (1998) The ML scale in Eastern North America. Bull Seism Soc Am 88:935–951
Kiratzi AA, Papazachos BC (1984) Magnitude scales for earthquakes in Greece. Bull Seismol Soc Am 74(3):969–985
LahrJ (1999) HYPOELLIPSE: A Computer Program for Determining Local Earthquake Hypocentral Parameters, Magnitude, and First-Motion Pattern, Version1.0, www.jclahr.com/science/software/magnitude/ml/index.html, last accessed, Novenber 16 2015.
Lienert BR, Havskov J (1995) A computer program for locating earthquakes both locally and globally. Seism Res Lett 66:26–36
Menke W (1989) Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory. Academic Press, San Diego, California
Ottemöller L, Voss P, Havskov J (2013) Seisan Earthquake Analysis Software For Windows, Solaris, Linux And Macosx, Software Manual V.9.0
Ottemöller L, Sargeant S (2013) Local magnitude scale Ml for the United Kingdom. Bull Seism Soc Am 103(5):2883–2893
Polat O, Gök E, Yılmaz D (2008) Earthquake Hazard of the Aegean Extension Region (West Turkey), Turkish J. Earth Sci 17:593.614
Press WH, Flannery BP, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT (1986) Numerical Receips in Fortran. Cambridge University Press, New York, 702 p
Richter CF (1935) An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull Seism Soc Am 25:1–32
Ristau J, Roggers GC, Cassidy JF (2005) Moment magnitude – local magnitude calibration for earthquakes in western Canada. Bull Seism Soc Am 95(5):1994–200
Saunders I, Ottemöller L, Brandt MBC, Fourie CFS (2012) Calibration of an ML scale for South Africa using tectonic earthquake data recorded by the South African National Seismograph Network: 2006 to 2009. J Seismol 17(2):437–451
Soysal H, Sipahioğlu S, Kolçak D, Altınok Y (1981) Historical Earthquake Catalogue of Turkey and Surrounding Area (2100 B.C. – 1900 A.D.). Technical Report, TUBITAK, No. TBAG-341
Şengör AMC, Kidd WSF (1979) Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian plateau and a comparison with Tibet. Tectonophysics 55:361–376
Tezel T, Yanık K (2013) Improvement in Mwp Magnitude Determinations and Applications to Earthquakes in Turkey. SRL 84(6):991–996
Utsu T (2002) Relationships between Magnitude Scales. In: Lee WHK, Kanamori H, Jennings PC, Kisslinger C (eds) International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology Part A., Ch.44. Academic Press, London, pp 733–746
Acknowledgments
This research has been conducted as part of the project UDAP-Ç-12-15 titled “Calibration and Implementation of Earthquake Magnitude Scales for Turkish National Seismic Network,” National Earthquake Research Program, AFAD, Turkey, 2013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
Distribution of station correction terms over the country, for Ml scale with the whole data set
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kılıç, T., Ottemöller, L., Havskov, J. et al. Local magnitude scale for earthquakes in Turkey. J Seismol 21, 35–46 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9581-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9581-9