Abstract
Purpose
Research shows that women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) are at risk for a range of adverse mental health outcomes, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidality. However, few studies use measures that reflect the broad range of IPV exposures that women experience. This paper examines the associations between multiple IPV types and adverse mental health among a sample of survivors engaged in care.
Methods
This article draws on data from a web-based survey administered to 377 women seeking IPV services in a Southwestern U.S. state. Multivariate regression analyses with multiple imputation were conducted to investigate the net association between multiple types of IPV and three mental health outcomes: depression, PTSD, and a prior suicidal attempt or threat, controlling for socio-demographics and self-rated health.
Results
Multivariate analyses indicated significant associations between reproductive coercion (β = 6.89, p < .001), technology-facilitated violent threats (β = 5.27, p < .05), and psychological vulnerability/abuse (β = 4.45, p < .05) and symptoms of depression. Findings also indicated significant net associations between reproductive coercion (β = 7.05, p < .001), technology-facilitated humiliation (β = 4.87, p < .05), and psychological vulnerability/abuse (β = 7.76, p < .001) and increased PTSD symptomology. Finally, psychological vulnerability/abuse (aOR = 3.36, p < .01) increased the likelihood of reporting a prior suicidal attempt or threat.
Conclusion
Women reporting reproductive coercion, technology-facilitated abuse, and psychological vulnerability/abuse had a higher risk of adverse mental health. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms that underlie these varied associations and to develop a cohesive practice model attuned to integrated needs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abajobir, A. A., Maravilla, J. C., Alati, R., & Najman, J. M. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression. Journal of affective disorders, 192, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.008. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/.
Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D., & Greeson, M. R. (2008). Development of the scale of economic abuse. Violence against Women, 14(5), 563–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208315529.
Alexander, K. A., Willie, T. C., McDonald-Mosley, R., Campbell, J. C., Miller, E., & Decker, M. R. (2021). Associations between reproductive coercion, partner violence, and mental health symptoms among young black women in Baltimore, Maryland. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17–18), NP9839–NP9863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519860900.
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. (n.d.). Suicide Data: United States. Retrieved September 29 (2021). from https://www.datocms-assets.com/12810/1616589783-14155afspnationalfactsheet2021m1v2.pdf
Anderson, J. C., Grace, K. T., & Miller, E. (2017). Reproductive coercion among women living with HIV: an unexplored risk factor for negative sexual and mental health outcomes. AIDS (London England), 31(16), 2261–2265. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001620.
Bacchus, L. J., Ranganathan, M., Watts, C., & Devries, K. (2018). Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. British Medical Journal Open, 8(7), e019995. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019995.
Bagwell-Gray, M. E., Thaller, J., Messing, J. T., & Durfee, A. (2021). Women’s reproductive coercion and pregnancy avoidance: Associations with homicide risk, sexual violence, and religious abuse. Violence Against Women, 27(12–13), 2294–2312. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012211005566.
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(8), 669–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2.
Breiding, M., Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Black, M. C., & Mahendra, R. R. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Version 2.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Brown, J. D. (2009). Choosing the right type of rotation in PCA and EFA. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 6.
Brown, M. L., Reed, L. A., & Messing, J. T. (2018). Technology-based abuse: Intimate partner violence and the use of information communication technologies. In J. R. Vickery & T. Everbach (Eds.), Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment (pp. 209–227). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_11
Caetano, R., & Cunradi, C. (2003). Intimate partner violence and depression among whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Annals of Epidemiology, 13(10), 661–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.09.002.
Campbell, J. C., Woods, A. B., Chouaf, K. L., & Parker, B. (2000). Reproductive health consequences of intimate partner violence: a nursing research review. Clinical Nursing Research, 9(3), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547730022158555.
Cerulli, C., Poleshuck, E., Raimondi, C., Veale, S., & Chin, N. (2012). What fresh hell is this?” Victims of intimate partner violence describe their experiences of abuse, pain, and depression. Journal of Family Violence, 27(8), 773–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9469-6.
Clements, C. M., Bennett, V. E., Hungerford, A., Clauss, K., & Wait, S. K. (2019). Psychopathology and coping in survivors of intimate partner violence: Associations with race and abuse severity. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(2), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1470588.
Coker, A. L., Watkins, K. W., Smith, P. H., & Brandt, H. M. (2003). Social support reduces the impact of partner violence on health: application of structural equation models. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00122-1.
Coker, A. L., Weston, R., Creson, D. L., Justice, B., & Blakeney, P. (2005). PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence: the role of risk and protective factors. Violence and Victims, 20(6), 625–643.
Conybeare, D., Behar, E., Solomon, A., Newman, M. G., & Borkovec, T. D. (2012). The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version: reliability, validity, and factor structure in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21845.
Crosby, A. E., Ortega, L., & Melanson, C. (2011). Self-directed violence surveillance; uniform definitions and recommended data elements (p. 96).
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Bacchus, L. J., Child, J. C., Falder, G., Petzold, M., Astbury, J., & Watts, C. H. (2013). Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLOS Medicine, 10(5), e1001439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001439.
Devries, K., Watts, C., Yoshihama, M., Kiss, L., Schraiber, L. B., Deyessa, N., Heise, L., Durand, J., Mbwambo, J., & Jansen, H. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Social Science & Medicine, 73(1), 79–86.
Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D., & Khan, A. (2016). Rurality and self-reported health in women with a history of intimate partner violence. PLOS ONE, 11(9), e0162380. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162380.
Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D., & Rahman, S. (2013). Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: A review of the literature. International Journal of Family Medicine, 2013, 313909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/313909
Douglas, H., Harris, B. A., & Dragiewicz, M. (2019). Technology-facilitated domestic and family violence: women’s experiences. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy068.
Dragiewicz, M., Burgess, J., Matamoros-Fernández, A., Salter, M., Suzor, N. P., Woodlock, D., & Harris, B. (2018). Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341.
Dunkle, K. L., & Decker, M. R. (2013). Gender-based violence and HIV: reviewing the evidence for links and causal pathways in the general population and high-risk groups. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 69(s1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12039.
Dutton, M. A., & Goodman, L. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 52(11–12), 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4196-6.
Eaton, W. W., Smith, C., Ybarra, M., Muntaner, C., & Tien, A. (2004). Center for epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults (3rd ed., 3 vol., pp. 363–377). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Eden, K. B., Perrin, N. A., Hanson, G. C., Messing, J. T., Bloom, T. L., Campbell, J. C., Gielen, A. C., Clough, A. S., Barnes-Hoyt, J. S., & Glass, N. E. (2015). Use of online safety decision aid by abused women: Effect on decisional conflict in randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(4), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.027.
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study. The Lancet, 371(9619), 1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60522-X.
Foster, J., Núñez, A., Spencer, S., Wolf, J., & Robertson-James, C. (2016). Sexual safety planning as an HIV prevention strategy for survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Women’s Health, 25(6), 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5252.
GBD (2019). Cause and Risk Summaries: Intimate-partner-violence-level-2-risk.s. (n.d.). Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Retrieved September 29, 2021, from http://www.healthdata.org/results/gbd_summaries/2019/intimate-partner-violence-level-2-risk
Gibbs, A., Corboz, J., & Jewkes, R. (2018). Factors associated with recent intimate partner violence experience amongst currently married women in Afghanistan and health impacts of IPV: a cross sectional study. Bmc Public Health, 18(1), 593. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5507-5.
Gilroy, H., McFarlane, J., Maddoux, J., & Sullivan, C. (2016). Homelessness, housing instability, intimate partner violence, mental health, and functioning: a multi-year cohort study of IPV survivors and their children. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 25(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2016.1245258.
Glass, N., Clough, A., Case, J., Hanson, G., Barnes-Hoyt, J., Waterbury, A., Alhusen, J., Ehrensaft, M., Grace, K. T., & Perrin, N. (2015). A safety app to respond to dating violence for college women and their friends: the MyPlan study randomized controlled trial protocol. Bmc Public Health, 15(1), 871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2191-6.
Glass, N. E., Clough, A., Messing, J. T., Bloom, T., Brown, M. L., Eden, K. B., Campbell, J. C., Gielen, A., Laughon, K., Grace, K. T., Turner, R. M., Alvarez, C., Case, J., Barnes-Hoyt, J., Alhusen, J., Hanson, G. C., & Perrin, N. A. (2021). Longitudinal impact of the myPlan app on health and safety among college women experiencing partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 886260521991880. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521991880.
Grace, K. T., & Anderson, J. C. (2018). Reproductive coercion: a systematic review. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 19(4), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016663935.
Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530.
Hatcher, L. (2013). Advanced statistics in research. Shadow Finch.
Hegarty, K., Fracgp, Bush, R., & Sheehan, M. (2005). The composite abuse scale: further development and assessment of reliability and validity of a multidimensional partner abuse measure in clinical settings. Violence and Victims, 20(5), 529–547.
Hegarty, K., & Valpied, K. (2013). Composite abuse scale manual. Melbourne: Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne
Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2020). Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: a review. Violence against Women, 26(15–16), 1828–1854. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219875821.
Indu, P. V., Remadevi, S., Vidhukumar, K., Shah Navas, P. M., Anilkumar, T. V., & Subha, N. (2020). Domestic violence as a risk factor for attempted suicide in married women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(23–24), 5753–5771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517721896.
Jiwatram-Negrón, T., Meinhart, M., Primbetova, S., Terlikbayeva, A., & El-Bassel, N. (2021). Examining the association between intimate partner violence and suicidal ideation among women living with HIV in a low- and middle-income country. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment and Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1853297.
Kolenikov, S., & Angeles, G. (2004). The use of discrete data in PCA: Theory, simulations, and applications to socioeconomic indices.Measure Evaluation. https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/wp-04-85.html
Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., & Futing Liao, T. (Eds.). (2004). The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.
Linting, M., Meulman, J. J., Groenen, P. J. F., & van der Koojj, A. J. (2007). Nonlinear principal components analysis: introduction and application. Psychological Methods, 12(3), 336–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.3.336.
Manly, C. A., & Wells, R. S. (2015). Reporting the use of multiple imputation for missing data in higher education research. Research in Higher Education, 56(4), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-014-9344-9.
Marganski, A., & Melander, L. (2018). Intimate partner violence victimization in the cyber and real world: examining the extent of cyber aggression experiences and its association with in-person dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(7), 1071–1095. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614283.
McCauley, H. L., Falb, K. L., Streich-Tilles, T., Kpebo, D., & Gupta, J. (2014). Mental health impacts of reproductive coercion among women in Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 127(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.04.011.
McLaughlin, J., O’Carroll, R. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Intimate partner abuse and suicidality: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(8), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.08.002.
McManus, S., Bebbington, P. E., Tanczer, L., Scott, S., & Howard, L. M. (2021). Receiving threatening or obscene messages from a partner and mental health, self-harm and suicidality: results from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02113-w.
Messing, J., Bagwell-Gray, M., Brown, M. L., Kappas, A., & Durfee, A. (2020). Intersections of stalking and technology-based abuse: emerging definitions, conceptualization, and measurement. Journal of Family Violence, 35(7), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00114-7.
Miller, E., Decker, M. R., McCauley, H. L., Tancredi, D. J., Levenson, R. R., Waldman, J., Schoenwald, P., & Silverman, J. G. (2010). Pregnancy coercion, intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy. Contraception, 81(4), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.12.004.
Mitchell, J., Wight, M., Van Heerden, A., & Rochat, T. J. (2016). Intimate partner violence, HIV, and mental health: a triple epidemic of global proportions. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1217829.
Multiple-imputation reference manual. (2021). Stata Press. https://www.stata.com/manuals/mi.pdf
Nathanson, A. M., Shorey, R. C., Tirone, V., & Rhatigan, D. L. (2012). The prevalence of mental health disorders in a community sample of female victims of intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.1.59b.
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Major Depression. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved July 22 (2022). from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression
Naughton, M. J., & Wiklund, I. (1993). A critical review of dimension-specific measures of health-related quality of life in cross-cultural research. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment Care and Rehabilitation, 2(6), 397–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422216.
Nguyen, C. D., Carlin, J. B., & Lee, K. J. (2017). Model checking in multiple imputation: an overview and case study. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 14, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-017-0062-6.
Okafor, C. N., Barnett, W., Zar, H. J., Nhapi, R., Koen, N., Shoptaw, S., & Stein, D. J. (2021). Associations of emotional, physical, or sexual intimate partner violence and depression symptoms among south african women in a prospective cohort study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9–10), NP5060–NP5083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518796522.
Ouellet-Morin, I., Fisher, H. L., York-Smith, M., Fincham-Campbell, S., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2015). Intimate partner violence and new-onset depression: a longitudinal study of women’s childhood and adult histories of abuse. Depression and Anxiety, 32(5), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22347.
Pico-Alfonso, M. A., Garcia-Linares, M. I., Celda-Navarro, N., Blasco-Ros, C., Echeburúa, E., & Martinez, M. (2006). The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women’s mental health: depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide. Journal of Women’s Health (2002), 15(5), 599–611. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2006.15.599.
Postmus, J. L., Plummer, S. B., & Stylianou, A. M. (2016). Measuring economic abuse in the lives of survivors: revising the scale of economic abuse. Violence against Women, 22(6), 692–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215610012.
Rancher, C., Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2021). Intimate partner violence, police involvement, and women’s trauma symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7–8), NP3510–NP3523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518780409.
Reed, L. A., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2016). Snooping and sexting: Digital media as a context for dating aggression and abuse among college students. Violence against Women, 22(13), 1556–1576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216630143.
Rodríguez, M., Valentine, J. M., Son, J. B., & Muhammad, M. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Barriers to Mental Health Care for ethnically diverse populations of women. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 10(4), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009339756.
Rollins, C., Glass, N. E., Perrin, N. A., Billhardt, K. A., Clough, A., Barnes, J., Hanson, G. C., & Bloom, T. L. (2012). Housing instability is as strong a predictor of poor health outcomes as level of danger in an abusive relationship: findings from the SHARE Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(4), 623–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511423241.
Sabri, B., Bolyard, R., McFadgion, A. L., Stockman, J. K., Lucea, M. B., Callwood, G. B., Coverston, C. R., & Campbell, J. C. (2013). Intimate partner violence, depression, PTSD, and use of mental health resources among ethnically diverse black women. Social Work in Health Care, 52(4), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2012.745461.
Sargent, K. S., Krauss, A., Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2016). Cyber victimization, psychological intimate partner violence, and problematic mental health outcomes among first-year college students. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 19(9), 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0115.
Schnurr, M. P., Mahatmya, D., & Basche, I. I. I., R. A (2013). The role of dominance, cyber aggression perpetration, and gender on emerging adults’ perpetration of intimate partner violence. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030601.
Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., & Forde, D. R. (2005). Association between physical partner violence, posttraumatic stress, childhood trauma, and suicide attempts in a community sample of women. Violence and Victims, 20(1), 87–98.
Silverman, J. G., & Raj, A. (2014). Intimate partner violence and reproductive coercion: global barriers to women’s reproductive control. PLOS Medicine, 11(9), e1001723. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001723.
Smith, P. H., Earp, J. A., & DeVellis, R. (1995). Measuring battering: development of the women’s experience with battering (WEB) scale. Women’s Health (Hillsdale N J), 1(4), 273–288.
Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2015 data brief–updated release.
Sullivan, C., Goodman, L., Virden, T., Strom, J., & Ramirez, R. (2017). Evaluation of the effects of receiving trauma-informed practices on domestic violence shelter residents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000286
Thomas, K. A., Joshi, M., Wittenberg, E., & McCloskey, L. A. (2008). Intersections of harm and health: a qualitative study of intimate partner violence in women’s lives. Violence Against Women, 14(11), 1252–1273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208324529.
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). How Common is PTSD in Adults? [General Information]. PTSD: National Center for PTSD. Retrieved September 29 (2021). from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2012). Using the PTSD Checklist (PCL). National Center for PTSD, 2.
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., & Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 396(10258),1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
White, M. E., & Satyen, L. (2015). Cross-cultural differences in intimate partner violence and depression: a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.005.
Willie, T. C., & Callands, T. A. (2018). Reproductive coercion and prenatal distress among young pregnant women in Monrovia, Liberia. Health Care for Women International, 39(9), 968–974. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2018.1490740.
Wolford-Clevenger, C., Smith, P. N., Kuhlman, S., & D’Amato, D. (2019). A preliminary test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide in women seeking shelter from intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(12), 2476–2497.
Woodlock, D. (2017). The abuse of technology in domestic violence and stalking. Violence Against Women, 23(5), 584–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216646277.
World Health Organization (2004). Burden of disease: DALYs. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part4.pdf
Zweig, J. M., Lachman, P., Yahner, J., & Dank, M. (2014). Correlates of cyber dating abuse among teens. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(8), 1306–1321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0047-x.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a grant from the Corporation for National & Community Service (CNCS; Grant #18AFHAZ0010009). Opinions or points of view expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of, or a position that is endorsed by CNCS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jiwatram-Negrón, T., Cheng, SY., Wachter, K. et al. Examining Associations Between Multiple Types of IPV and Adverse Mental Health Among IPV Survivors. J Fam Viol 39, 177–191 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00472-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00472-9