![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10875-022-01385-4/MediaObjects/10875_2022_1385_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10875-022-01385-4/MediaObjects/10875_2022_1385_Fig2_HTML.png)
References
Akpek G, Uslu A, Huebner T, Taner A, Rapoport AP, Gojo I, et al. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis: an under-recognized cause of infectious mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2011;13:366–73.
Anderlini P, Przepiorka D, Luna M, Langford L, Andreeff M, Claxton D, et al. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;14:459–61.
Castellano-Sanchez A, Popp AC, Nolte FS, Visvesvara GS, Thigpen M, Redei I, et al. Acanthamoeba castellani encephalitis following partially mismatched related donor peripheral stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2003;5:191–4.
Juan A, Alonso L, Olivé T, Navarro A, Sulleiro E, Sánchez de Toledo J, Díaz de Heredia C. Successful treatment of sinusitis by Acanthamoeba in a pediatric patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(12):1350–1.
Kaul DR, Lowe L, Visvesvara GS, Farmen S, Khaled YA, Yanik GA. Acanthamoeba infection in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease occurring during treatment with voriconazole. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10:437–41.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Alya Al-Ibraheemi for assisting in providing the pathology specimen images and descriptions and Dr. Tanvi Sharma for providing clinical course details. We would like to acknowledge and honor the patient who was agreeable for his case to be published prior to succumbing to his underlying disease, and to his family for their consent and support of this write up.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Dr. Al Dhaheri contributed to the write-up of this article as first author. Dr. Gunasekera and Dr. Wardell contributed to the write-up and editing of the article. Dr. Drobysheva provided pathology specimen images and descriptions. Dr. Gunasekera and Dr. Hussain provided dermatologic images and descriptions. Dr. Hussain contributed to the write-up, editing, and overall supervision of the article.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Ethics approval waived.
Consent for Publication
Patient and family provided consent for case write-up and publication of enclosed images.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al Dhaheri, F., Gunasekera, N., Wardell, H. et al. Disseminated Acanthamoeba Infection in a Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient with CTLA-4 Haploinsufficiency. J Clin Immunol 43, 319–322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-022-01385-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-022-01385-4