Abstract
A series of polyaniline/montmorillonite clay (PANI–MMT) nanocomposites were synthesised by in situ polymerisation of aniline in acidic medium in the presence of varying amounts (from 1 to 30 wt%) of MMT and a substoichiometric amount of ammonium persulfate (APS). For a preferred molar ratio of monomer to oxidant of 2:1, the aniline was polymerised and largely incorporated into the MMT. The PANI–MMT nanocomposites were characterised and compared by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the interaction between clay layers and the intercalated polymer chains. Room temperature AC conductivity was measured in the frequency range 30 Hz to 1 MHz. Pure PANI and all the composites exhibited a low frequency region of frequency independent AC conductivity followed by a high frequency dispersive region where the AC conductivity obeyed a fractional power law of frequency dependence. The fractional exponent n for all the nanocomposites is significantly high as compared to that of pure PANI; n = 0.9 for all the composites whereas for pure PANI n = 0.2. In pristine PANI the onset of the dispersive region ω c is at a much higher frequency (at 300 kHz) as compared to the nanocomposites in which ω c is about 10 kHz.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.T. Lim, Y.H. Hyun, H.J. Choi, M.S. Jhon, Chem. Mater. 14, 1839–1844 (2002)
Z. Ding, J.T. Kloprogge, R.L. Frost, G.Q. Lu, H.Y. Zhu, J. Porous. Mater. 8, 273–293 (2001)
A.K. Jonscher, Nature (Lond.) 267, 673 (1977)
B.H. Kim, J.H. Jung, S.H. Hong, J. Joo, Macromolecules 35, 1419 (2002)
B.H. Kim, J.H. Hong, J.W. Kim, H.J. Choi, J. Joo, Curr. Appl. Phys. 1, 115 (2001)
D.C. Lee, L.W. Jang, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 61, 1117 (1996)
G.M. do Nascimento, V.R.L. Constantino, R. Landers, M.L.A. Temperini, Macromolecules 37, 9373–9385 (2004)
G.M. do Nascimento, V.R.L. Constantino, R. Landers, M.L.A. Temperini, Polymer 47, 6131–6139 (2006)
G.M. do Nascimento, M.L.A. Temperini, Eur. Polym. J. 44, 3501–3511 (2008)
G.M. do Nascimento, C.H.B. Silva, C.M.S. Izumi, M.L.A. Temperini, Spectrochimica Acta Part A 71, 869–875 (2008)
F.F. Fei, J.C. Hyoung, J. Jinsoo, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 8, 1559–1581 (2008)
Q.Y. Soundararajah, B.S.B. Karunaratne, R.M.G. Rajapakse, Mater. Chem. Phys. 113, 850–855 (2009)
V.L. Reena, J.D. Sudha, C. Pavithran, J. Appli. Polym. Sci. 113, 4066–4076 (2009)
D.H. Song, H.M. Lee, H.J. Choi, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9, 1501–1504 (2009)
F. Sun, Y. Pan, J. Wang, Z. Wang, C. Hu, Q. Dong, Polym. Compos. 31, 163–172 (2010)
D.M.M. Krishantha, R.M.G. Rajapakse, D.T.B. Tennakoon, H.V.R. Dias, Ionics 12, 287–294 (2006)
A.B. Kaiser, Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 1 (2001)
A.B. Kaiser, Adv. Mater. 13, 927–941 (2001)
N. Boutaleb, A. Benyoucef, H.J. Salavagione, M. Belbachir, E. Morallón, Eur. Polym. J. 42, 733–739 (2006)
I. Bekri-Abbes, E. Srasra, React. Funct. Polym. 70, 11–18 (2010)
A. Shakoor, T. Z. Rizvi, Poly. Sci. Ser. A Polym. Phys. 52, 55–59 (2010)
S. Yoshimoto, F. Ohashi, T. Kameyama, Polym. Phys. 43, 2705–2714 (2005)
S. Yoshimoto, F. Ohashi, T. Kameyama, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 25, 1687–1690 (2004)
A. Shakoor, P.J.S. Foot, T.Z. Rizvi, J. Polym. Polym. Comp. 17, 347–352 (2009)
J. Dyre, J. Appl. Phys. 64, 2456 (1988)
A.K. Jonscher, Dielectric relaxation in solids (Chelsea Dielectrics Press, London, 1983)
E. Singh, A.K. Narula, R.P. Tandon, A. Mansingh, S. Chandra, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 985 (1996)
P. Dutta, S. Boswas, K.D. De, J. Phys. 13, 9187 (2001)
K. Jager, H. Mcqueen, M. Techmutin, M. Kluppel, J. Phys. D 34, 2699 (2001)
S. Capaccioli, M. Lucchesi, P.A. Rolla, C. Ruggeri, J. Phys. 10, 5595 (1998)
A.K. Jonscher, Nature 267, 673 (1977)
A.N. Papathanassiou, I. Sakellis, J. Grammatikakis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 122911 (2007)
M. Cochet, G. Louarn, S. Quillard, J.P. Buisson, S. Lefrant, J. Raman Spectrosc. 31, 1041 (2000)
M. Tagowska, B. Palys, K. Jackowska, Synth. Met. 142, 223 (2004)
G. Louarn, M. Lapkowski, S. Quillard, A. Pron, J.P. Buisson, S. Lefrant, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 6998 (1996)
J.E. Pereira da Silva, D.L.A. Faria, S.I.C. Torresi, M.L.A. Temperini, Macromolecules 33, 3077 (2000)
Y.H. Kim, C. Foster, J.C. Chiang, A.J. Heeger, Synth. Met. 29, 285–290 (1989)
F.L. Lu, F. Wudll, M. Nowak, A.J. Heeger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 8311–8313 (1986)
Acknowledgments
Authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. Dr. P. Foot leader materials research group Kingston University UK, London for extending his laboratory facilities and A. S is also grateful to HEC for providing funding for the project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shakoor, A., Rizvi, T.Z. & Nawaz, A. Raman spectroscopy and AC conductivity of polyaniline montmorillonite (PANI–MMT) nanocomposites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 22, 1076–1080 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-010-0262-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-010-0262-0