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Spark plasma sintering for high-speed diffusion bonding of the ultrafine-grained near-α Ti–5Al–2V alloy with high strength and corrosion resistance for nuclear engineering

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Abstract

The paper demonstrates the prospects of spark plasma sintering (SPS) for the high-speed diffusion bonding of the high-strength ultrafine-grained (UFG) near-α Ti–5Al–2V alloy. The effect of increased diffusion bonding intensity in the UFG Ti alloys is discussed also. The bonding areas of the UFG near-α Ti–5Al–2V alloy obtained by SPS are featured by high density, strength, and corrosion resistance. The rate of bonding in the UFG alloys has been shown to depend on the heating rate non-monotonously (with a pronounced maximum). At the stage of continuous heating and isothermic holding, the bonding kinetics was found to be determined by the exponential creep rate, the intensity of which in the coarse-grained alloys is limited by the diffusion rate in the crystal lattice α-Ti. In the UFG alloy, the exponential creep processes associated with gliding and climb of dislocations, the activation energy of which corresponds to the diffusion activation energy in the lattice dislocation nuclei, may take place simultaneously with the grain boundary sliding and Coble creep, the activation energy of which corresponds to the grain boundary diffusion activation energy.

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Notes

  1. In our opinion, the origin of the forming of the TiC nanoparticles is the presence of carbon in the titanium alloy (see Table 1), the concentration of which does not exceed the permissible value but appears to be enough for forming the TiC particles.

  2. The differences in the initial shrinkage level result from the ≈ 0.02 mm difference in the specimen heights.

  3. Since the average grain size in the weld in the UFG alloys was almost the same to the one of the metals outside the weld (Fig. 14), the origin of the reduced weld microhardness in the UFG alloys is still unclear. We think the reduced weld microhardness in the UFG alloys to be related most probably to the grain boundary recovery leading to the reduced density of defects in the UFG alloy grain boundaries. The second probable origin of the increased microhardness of the weld-affected zone in the CG alloys may be the creep (as discussed in more detail below), which is known to be accompanied by the formation of the dislocation substructures and low-angle boundaries [46, 47]. This hypothesis was confirmed by the results of EBSD analysis of the welds for the CG materials (Fig. 10a), in which the low-angle boundaries with the grain boundary angle of less than 2° were observed outside the weld predominantly (Fig. 10b).

  4. The weld specimen was heated at the same rate (100 °С/min) up to 700 °С and then was held at this temperature for 10 min under different values of the uniaxial pressure σs = 50, 70, and 100 MPa (Fig. 21).

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Acknowledgements

This study was performed with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 16-13-00066). The authors thank A.V. Piskunov and N.V. Sakharov (Lobachevsky Univ.) for developing the methods of EBSD analysis of the titanium alloy joints. The authors thank E.A. Lantsev (Lobachevsky Univ.) for conducting the tests in order to measure the temperature–shrinkage dependencies L0(T) without a specimen using Dr. Sinter® SPS-625 setup in different heating modes. The authors thank Afrikantov OKB Mechanical Engineering JSC for performing the argon-arc and electron-beam welding of the UFG alloy specimens.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603950

    Vladimir Nikolaevich Chuvil’deev, Aleksey Vladimirovich Nokhrin, Vladimir Ilyich Kopylov, Maksim Sergeevich Boldin, Mikhail Mikhaylovich Vostokov & Mikhail Yuryevich Gryaznov

  2. Physics and Technology Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 10 Kuprevich St., 220141, Minsk, Belarus

    Vladimir Ilyich Kopylov

  3. National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 4 Leninskiy Ave, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119049

    Nataliya Yur’evna Tabachkova

  4. A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, 38 Vavilov St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991

    Nataliya Yur’evna Tabachkova

  5. Afrikantov OKBM JSC, Russian Nuclear Corporation “ROSATOM”, 15 Burnakovsky Dr., Nizhnii Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603074

    Petr Tryaev

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  1. Vladimir Nikolaevich Chuvil’deev
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Chuvil’deev, V.N., Nokhrin, A.V., Kopylov, V.I. et al. Spark plasma sintering for high-speed diffusion bonding of the ultrafine-grained near-α Ti–5Al–2V alloy with high strength and corrosion resistance for nuclear engineering. J Mater Sci 54, 14926–14949 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03926-6

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