Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Shipwreck Identity, Methodology, and Nautical Archaeology

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The goal of this essay is to decipher the methods used by nautical archaeologists to create and to apply affiliations or identities to the assemblages they investigate under water. By collating 36 years of data from The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, this author proposes that the methods applied are predominantly intuitive, and are not only susceptible to a variety of interpretive critiques, their intuitive nature also impacts the various historical narratives that the material culture becomes embedded within. The author concludes by arguing that the explication of methods is necessary for the discipline to continue to grow, and proposes that disengaging the identification of ancient and early medieval wrecks from a historical narrative is a route worth exploring.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Although the IJNA corpus was searched electronically, not all of the files on line were necessarily searchable. When the seven terms listed above did not work in any article in an issue, the articles were searched again using the as a search term. If the did not work, then the files themselves were presumed to be unsearchable electronically. In issue 24.2, then, only Pridemore’s article responded to the queries; no other article in that issue was searchable. Similarly, no article in issue 28.4 was searchable online. These issues were later read to search for the same terms manually. Lenihan and Murphy used a similar methodology, on a smaller scale, to draw conclusions in their 1981 paper (1981, 70).

  2. See Larn et al. (1974); Jones (1978); McCarthy (1979); De Mello (1979); Lizé (1984); Petersen (1987); Watson and Gale (1990); Friel (1993); Werz (1993); Martin (1995); Lees and Arnold (2000); Robertson (2004); Herry (2004); Royal (2006); Delgado (2006); Corbin and Rodgers (2007); Galili and Rosen (2008); Auer and Belasus (2008).

  3. Two of these articles, by Kenderdine (1994) and Birch and McElvogue (1999), discussed the application of the Type A methodology to numerous sites, so more than 24 vessels in the corpus were identified with this method.

  4. This only counts those investigations that analyzed historical sources to form the affiliation of a site, not those reports that may have used historical sources to identify artifacts or artifact types.

  5. It is worth mentioning, however, that the presence of these explicit theories seems to have little impact on field methods. Among all the Type C investigations, only Gibbins (1989, 1) reports that they purposefully sought more data from the domestic assemblage in the 1985 season to reinforce their identification process.

References

  • Adams, J., & Black, J. (2004). From rescue to research: medieval ship finds in St Peter Port, Guernsey. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33, 230–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adnams, J. R. (1974). The Dartmouth, a British frigate wrecked off Mull, 1690. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 3, 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahlström, C. (1978). Documentary research on the Baltic. Three case studies. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 7, 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1980). News. Australia. New South Wales. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 9, 349.

  • Arnold, J. B. (1996). Technical Communication. Magnetometer survey of La Salle’s ship the Belle. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 25, 243–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, J. B., Oertling, T. J., & Hall, A. W. (1999). The Denbigh Project: initial observations on a Civil War blockade-runner and its wreck site. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 28, 126–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, K., Green, J., Harper, & Intakosai, V. (1989). Joint Thai–Australian underwater archaeological project 1987–1988 Part 1: archaeological survey of wreck sites in the Gulf of Thailand, 1987–1988. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 18, 299–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auer, J., & Belasus, M. (2008). The British Brig Water Nymph or … even an Englishman cannot take the liberty to deride a civil servant on German soil. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37, 130–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, V. C., Barber, J. M., Allston, M., & Stone, B. (1979). An initial survey of a wreck, thought to be a St Malo vessel, the Marguerite, sunk in 1707 at Conche, Newfoundland. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 8, 39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, J. M., Barber, V. C., & Wheeler, R. (1981). A trial excavation of the Marguerite, and a search for the Murinet, both St Malo vessels, sunk in 1707 at Conche, Newfoundland. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 10, 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basch, L. (1972). Ancient wrecks and the archaeology of ships. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 1, 1–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, G.F. (1967). Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 57. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.

  • Bass, G. F. (1983). A plea for historical particularism in nautical archaeology. In R. Gould (Ed.), Shipwreck anthropology (pp. 91–104). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, G. F. (1989). Underwater archaeology and medieval Mediterranean ships. In C. L. Redman (Ed.), Medieval archaeology (pp. 139–154). Binghamton: State University of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, G. F. (1999). Review. Maritime archaeology: a reader of substantive and theoretical contributions. Historical Archaeology, 33, 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, G. F., & van Doorninck, F., Jr. (1978). An 11th century shipwreck at Serçe Liman, Turkey. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 7, 119–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bax, A., & Farrell, R. T. (1975). The Penlee cannon site. Preliminary report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 4, 134–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltrame, C., & Gaddi, D. (2002). Report of the first research campaign on the Napoleonic brick, Mercure, wreck off Lignano, Udine, Italy in 1812. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 31, 60–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingeman, J. (1981). Solent: HMS Invincible (1758) wreck site. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 10, 154–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingeman, J. M. (1985). Interim report on artefacts recovered from Invincible (1758) between 1979 and 1984. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 14, 191–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingeman, J., & Bingeman, J. (1984). News. United Kingdom. The 13th Underwater Archaeology Symposium, March 1984 at Fort Bovisand, Plymouth. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 13, 341–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, S., & McElvogue, D. M. (1999). La Lavia, La Juliana and the Santa Marie de Vison: three Spanish Armada transports lost off Streedagh Strand, Co Sligo: an interim report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 28, 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bound, M., & Vallintine, R. (1983). A wreck of possible Etruscan origin off Giglio Island. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 12, 113–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bueno, M. A. M., & Salis, J. R. (1975). The anchorage of El Cabo de Higuer (Fuenterrabia, Guipuzcoa). International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 4, 331–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantelas, F. J., & Rodgers, B. A. (1994). The Maple Leaf: a case study in cost-effective zero-visibility riverine archaeology. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 23, 271–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrell, T. (1997). News. Virginia. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 26, 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cederlund, C. O. (1990). The Oskarshamn cog. Part I: development of investigations and current research. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 19, 193–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, D. (1968). Analytical archaeology. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colman, D. A. (1982). News. Israel. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 11, 62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conlin, D. L., & Russell, M. A. (2006). Archaeology of a naval battlefield: H.L. Hunley and USS Housatonic. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 35, 20–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, A., & Rodgers, B. A. (2007). Steamboat Montana (1879–1884)—Leviathan of the American Plains. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 36, 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, R., Cowan, Z., & Marsden, P. (1975). The Dutch East Indiaman Hollandia wrecked on the Isles of Scilly in 1743. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 4, 267–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croome, A. (1987). Museum Report: The Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 16, 348–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumlin-Pedersen, O. (2002). Documentation, analyses and dating. In O. Crumlin-Pedersen & O. Olsen (Eds.), The Skuldelev Ships I (pp. 49–68). Denmark: The Viking Museum in Roskilde and the Centre for Maritime Archaeology of the National Museum of Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumlin-Pedersen, O. (2006). The Dover boat—a reconstruction case-study. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 35, 58–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumlin-Pedersen, O., Nymark, L., & Christiansen, C. (1980). Kyholm 78. A joint archaeological–geological investigation around a 13th century wreck at Kyholm, Samsø, Denmark. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 9, 193–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, A., & Nymoen, P. (2008). The Bøle Ship, Skien, Norway—research history, dendrochronology and provenance. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37, 153–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, M. (1985). A boat recovered from the foreshore at West Mersea in Essex. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 14, 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, J. P. (2006). Archaeological Reconnaisance of the 1865 American-built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo, Archipelago de las Perlas, Panama. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 35, 230–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einarsson, L. (1990). Kronan—underwater archaeological investigations of a 17th-century man-of-war. The nature, aims and development of a maritime cultural project. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 19, 279–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Haj, N. A. (2001). Facts on the ground: archaeological practice and territorial self-fashioning in Israeli society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firth, A. (2002). Managing underwater archaeology. BAR International Series 1055. Oxford: Hadrian Books.

  • Flecker, M. (1992). Excavation of an oriental vessel of c. 1690 off Con Dao, Vietnam. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 21, 221–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flecker, M. (1999). Three 18th-century shipwrecks off Ujung Pandang, southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia: a coincidence? International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 28, 45–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flecker, M. (2000). A 9th-century Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesian waters. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29, 199–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flecker, M. (2002). The ethics, politics, and realities of maritime archaeology in Southeast Asia. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 31, 12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flecker, M. (2008). A 9th-century Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesian Waters: addendum. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37, 384–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontenoy, P. (1998). A discussion of maritime archaeology. In L. Babits & H. van Tilburg (Eds.), Maritime archaeology, a reader of substantive and theoretical contributions (pp. 47–52). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, M., & Fester, G. (1999). Historical archaeology, identity formation, and the interpretation of ethnicity. Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, D. (1972). Sub-bottom survey of Porto Longo harbour, Peleponnesus, Greece. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 1, 170–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friel, I. (1993). Henry V’s Grace Dieu and the wreck in the R. Hamble near Bursledon, Hampshire. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galili, E., & Rosen, B. (2008). Fishing Gear from a 7th-century Shipwreck off Dor, Israel. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gawronski, J. H. G. (1990). The Amsterdam project. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 19, 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gianfrotta, P. A. (1977). First elements for the dating of stone anchor stocks. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 6, 285–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbins, D. J. L. (1989). The Roman wreck of c. AD 200 at Plemmirio, near Siracusa (Sicily): second interim report. The domestic assemblage 1: medical equipment and pottery lamps. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 18, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. (2000). Archaeology and the social history of ships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. (1983). The Song Dynasty shipwreck at Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 12, 253–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. (1986a). The survey of the VOC fluit Risdam (1727), Malaysia. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 15, 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. (1986b). The survey and identification of the English East India Company ship Trial (1622). International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 15, 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. (1993). News. Sri Lanka. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 181–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., & Devendra, S. (1993). Interim report on the joint Sri Lanka–Australian maritime archaeology training and research programme, 1992–3. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 331–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J., Harper, R., & Intakosi, V. (1986). The Ko Si Chang One shipwreck excavation 1983–1985. A progress report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 15, 105–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, E., Leidwanger, J., Leventhal, R. M., & Daniels, B. I. (2010). Toward best practice in Mediterranean underwater archaeology. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 39, 437–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, E., Leidwanger, J., Leventhal, R. M., & Daniels, B. I. (2011). Mare Nostrum? Ethics and archaeology in Mediterranean waters. American Journal of Archaeology, 115, 311–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo-Qing, L. (1989). Archaeologial evidence for the use of ‘chu-nam’ on the 13th century Quanzhou ship, Fujian Province, China. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 18, 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagy, J. W. (1986). 800 years of Etruscan ships. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 15, 221–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpster, M. (2009). Keith Muckelroy: methods, ideas and Maritime Archaeology. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 4, 67–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herry, N. (2004). Report on finds from the Saint-Quay-Portrieux wreck, France. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33, 96–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocker, F. (2004). Shipbuilding: philosophy, practice and research. In F. Hocker & C. Ward (Eds.), The philosophy of shipbuilding, conceptual approaches to the study of wooden ships (pp. 1–11). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. W. (2004). The Phinney site: the remains of an American armed vessel scuttled during the Penobscot Expedition of 1779. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33, 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P. F., Sands, J. O., & Steffy, J. R. (1978). The Cornwallis Cave shipwreck, Yorktown, Virginia. Preliminary report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 7, 205–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joncheray, J.-P. (1976). News. France. Le Dramont and Giens. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 5, 259–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. (1978). The Pwll Fanog wreck—a slate cargo in the Menai Strait. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 7, 152–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. (2003). The archaeology of ethnicity. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karklins, K. (1991). Beads from the mid 18th-century Manilla Wreck, Bermuda. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 20, 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenderdine, S. (1994). Historic shipping on the River Murray, Australia: a guide to the shipwreck resource. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 23, 173–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, C. (1977). Pots and peoples. In L. Levine & C. Young (Eds.), Mountains and lowlands: essays in the archaeology of greater Mesopotamia (pp. 91–112). Malibu: Undena.

    Google Scholar 

  • L’Hour, M. (1993). The wreck of a Danish merchant ship, the Sainte Dorothea (1693). International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 305–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • L’Hour, M., Long, L., & Rieth, E. (1990). The wreck of an ‘experimental’ ship of the ‘Oost-Indische Companie’: the Mauritius (1609). International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 19, 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larn, R., McBride, P., & Davis, R. (1974). The mid-17th century merchant ship found near Mullion Cove, Cornwall. Second interim report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 3, 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laures, F. F. (1985). The origin of the ship known as the Palamos wreck. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 14, 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, W. B., & Arnold, J. B. (2000). Preliminary assessment of a wreck in the Red River, Choctaw County, Oklahoma, USA. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29, 120–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenihan, D. J. (1983). Rethinking shipwreck archaeology: a history of ideas and considerations for new directions. In R. Gould (Ed.), Shipwreck anthropology (pp. 37–64). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenihan, D.J. and Murphy, L. (1981). Considerations for research designs in shipwreck archaeology. In G.P. Watts (Ed.), Underwater archaeology: the challenge before us. The Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Underwater Archaeology (pp. 69–75). San Marino: Fathom Eight.

  • Lépine, A. (1979). An 18th-century wreck in the Richelieu River, Quebec, Canada. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 8, 340–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lépine, A. (1981). A wreck believed to be a French ‘bateau’ sunk during action in 1760 off Isle-aux-Noix in the Richelieu River, Quebec, Canada. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 10, 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Wigen, K. (1997). The myth of continents, a critique of metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liou, B. (1975). News. France. Port-Vendres. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 4, 373–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lizé, P. (1984). The wreck of the pirate ship Speaker on Mauritius in 1702. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 13, 121–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, D. (1990). The past is a foreign country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusardi, W. R. (2000). The Beaufort Inlet shipwreck project. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29, 57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, D. J. (1980). The Goodwins wreck. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 9, 339–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, P. (1986). The origin of the Council for Nautical Archaeology. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 15, 179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. F. (1977). Letters to the editor. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 6, 265–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. J. M. (1995). The Cromwellian shipwreck off Duart Point, Mull: an interim report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 24, 15–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. J. M. (2001). De-particularizing the particular: approaches to the investigation of well-documented post-medieval shipwrecks. World Archaeology, 32, 383–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, D. R. (1974). The Defense. Search and recovery, 1972–73. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 3, 312–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, M. (1979). The excavation and identification of the ex-American whaler Day Dawn. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 8, 143–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. W., Callahan, J. E., Craig, J. R., & Whatley, K. M. (2005). ‘Ruling theories linger’: questioning the identity of the Beaufort Inlet shipwreck: a discussion. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 34, 339–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milne, G. (1985). The Port of Roman London. London: Batsford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. D. (2005). Technical comments relating to ‘ruling theory’ and the identification of the Beaufort Inlet Wreck. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 34, 335–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustapa, S. A. H. B. S. (2005). Showcasing maritime heritage artefacts for the benefit of the tourist industry in Malaysia. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 34, 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, N. C. (1988). HMS Hazardous wrecked 1706. Pre-disturbance survey report 1987. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 17, 285–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, C. (1976). Legislation for the protection of shipwrecks in Western Australia. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 5, 171–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, B. M. (1987). The Dutch Fluitship Anna Maria, foundered in Dalarö Harbour in 1709. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 16, 293–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, R. C. M. (1977). Mombasa wreck excavation. Preliminary report, 1977. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 6, 331–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, R. C. M. (1978). Mombasa wreck excavation. Second preliminary report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 7, 301–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece, C., & Burton, S. (1993). Church Rocks, 1975–83: a reassessment. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R., & Muckelroy, K. (1977). The Kennemerland site. The third and fourth seasons 1974 and 1976. An interim report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 6, 187–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prynne, M. (1973). Some general considerations applying to the examination of the remains of old ships. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2, 227–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulak, C. (1998). The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 27, 188–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, P. (2004). A shipwreck near Kinlochbervie, Sutherland, Scotland, UK. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33, 14–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, B. A., Richards, N., & Lusardi, W. R. (2005). ‘Ruling theories linger’: questioning the identity of the Beaufort Inlet shipwreck. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 34, 24–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royal, J. G. (2006). The 2005 remote-sensing survey of the South-Eastern Bozburun Peninsula, Turkey: shipwreck discoveries and their analyses. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 35, 195–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royal, J. G. (2008). Description and analysis of the finds from the 2006 Turkish Coastal Survey: Marmaris and Bodrum. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 37, 88–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sténuit, R. (1976). The wreck of the pink Evstafii. A transport of the Imperial Russian Navy, lost off Shetland in 1780. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 5, 221–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomalin, D. J., Simpson, P., & Bingeman, J. M. (2000). Excavation versus sustainability in situ: a conclusion on 25 years of archaeological investigations at Goose Rock, a designated historic wreck site at the Needles, Isle of Wight, England. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29, 3–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomalin, V., Selvakumar, V., Nair, M. V., & Gopi, P. K. (2004). The Thaikkal-Kadakkarappally boat: an archaeological example of medieval shipbuilding in the Western Indian Ocean. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33, 253–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. (2007). A history of archaeological thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripati, S., Parthiban, G., Vora, K. H., Sundaresh, S., & Bandodker, N. (2003). Lead ingots from a shipwreck in Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu, East Coast of India: evidence for overseas trade and their significance. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 32, 225–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turfa, J. M., & Steinmayer, A. G. (2001). Sewn hulls and self-defence. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 30, 122–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (1982). Convention on the Law of the Sea.

  • UNESCO (2001). Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.

  • Watson, P. (1983). Method and theory in shipwreck archaeology. In R. Gould (Ed.), Shipwreck anthropology (pp. 23–36). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, K., & Gale, A. (1990). Site evaluation for marine sites and monuments records: the Yarmouth Roads Wreck investigations. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 19, 183–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, G. P. (1975). The location and identification of the ironclad USS Monitor. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 4, 301–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, G. P. (1993). The Western Ledge Reef wreck: a preliminary report on investigation of the remains of a 16th-century shipwreck in Bermuda. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 103–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, G. P., & Bright, L. S. (1973). Progress in underwater archaeology in North Carolina 1962–72. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2, 131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werz, B. E. J. S. (1993). Shipwrecks of Robben Island, South Africa: an exercise in cultural resource management in the underwater environment. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, 245–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingood, A. J. (1982). Sea Venture. An interim report on an early 17th century shipwreck lost in 1609. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 11, 333–47.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INA/Sualti Arkeoloji Enstitusu, Sualti Sokak No. 2, Bodrum, 48400, Turkey

    Matthew Harpster

Authors
  1. Matthew Harpster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew Harpster.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Harpster, M. Shipwreck Identity, Methodology, and Nautical Archaeology. J Archaeol Method Theory 20, 588–622 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-012-9131-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-012-9131-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation