Abstract
Purpose
To review and summarize the newest update on ocular sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) focusing on diagnosis and treatment.
Methods
A PubMed search was carried out using the terms “Sebaceous Carcinoma”, “Meibomian Gland Carcinoma”, “Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma”, and “Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma”. All studies published in English up to October 2017 were included in this review.
Results
Globally, the overall incidence of SGC is increasing making it the third most common eyelid malignancy after basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma. The mainstay of treatment of ocular SGC is wide surgical resection under frozen section or Moh’s micrographic surgery control followed by eyelid reconstruction. Based on histopathological features, SGC can be classified according to growth pattern, cell type, and cytoarchitecture. Based on the growth pattern, they can be classified as trabecular, lobular, papillary, and BCC-like. The cell type can be classified as basaloid, basosquamous, and epidermoid. The SGC cytoarchitecture presents either as a nodular or as an infiltrative lesion. Based on immunohistochemistry, the overexpression of ZEB2, BAG3, androgen receptor, and C-erbB-2 oncoprotein is associated with poor prognosis. The tumor is associated with systemic metastasis in 8–14% and death in 10–30%.
Conclusion
Ocular SGC is an aggressive tumor associated with poor prognosis. Early identification and appropriate treatment may help improve the prognosis. New insight into its pathogenesis and the immunohistochemical profile may lead to the development of new effective treatment strategies, along with traditional therapies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kass LG, Hornblass AU (1989) Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa. Surv Ophthalmol 33:477–490
Prieto-Granada C, Rodriguez-Waitkus P (2016) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Cancer Control 23:126–132
Yeatts RP, Waller RR (1985) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid: pitfalls in diagnosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1:35–42
Nelson BR, Hamlet KR, Gillard M, Railan D, Johnson TM (1995) Sebaceous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 33:1–15
Shields JA, Demirci H, Marr BP, Eagle RC Jr, Shields CL (2004) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids: personal experience with 60 cases. Ophthalmology 111:2151–2157
Muqit MM, Foot B, Walters SJ, Mudhar HS, Roberts F, Rennie IG (2013) Observational prospective cohort study of patients with newly-diagnosed ocular sebaceous carcinoma. Br J Ophthalmol 97:47–51
Yin VT, Merritt HA, Sniegowski M, Esmaeli B (2015) Eyelid and ocular surface carcinoma: diagnosis and management. Clin Dermatol 33:159–169
Jahagirdar SS, Thakre TP, Kale SM, Kulkarni H, Mamtani M (2007) A clinicopathological study of eyelid malignancies from central India. Indian J Ophthalmol 55:109–112
Mak ST, Wong AC, Io IY, Tse RK (2011) Malignant eyelid tumors in Hong Kong 1997–2009. Jpn J Ophthalmol 55:681–685
Lim VS, Amrith S (2012) Declining incidence of eyelid cancers in Singapore over 13 years: population-based data from 1996 to 2008. Br J Ophthalmol 96:1462–1465
Watanabe A, Sun MT, Pirbhai A, Ueda K, Katori N, Selva D (2013) Sebaceous carcinoma in Japanese patients: clinical presentation, staging and outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol 97:1459–1463
Kaliki S, Ayyar A, Dave TV, Ali MJ, Mishra DK, Naik MN (2015) Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid: clinicopathological features and outcome in Asian Indians. Eye (Lond) 29:958–963
Gupta P, Gupta RC, Khan L (2017) Profile of eyelid malignancy in a Tertiary Health Care Center in North India. J Cancer Res Ther 13:484–486
Gupta Y, Gahine R, Hussain N, Memon MJ (2017) Clinico-pathological spectrum of ophthalmic lesions: an experience in tertiary care hospital of central India. J Clin Diagn Res 11:9–13
Dasgupta T, Wilson LD, Yu JB (2009) A retrospective review of 1349 cases of sebaceous carcinoma. Cancer 115:158–165
Tripathi R, Chen Z, Li L, Bordeaux JS (2016) Incidence and survival of sebaceous carcinoma in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 75:1210–1215
Keskinaslan I, Pedroli GL, Piffaretti JM, Meyer P, Kunz C, Haefliger IO (2008) Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma in a young Caucasian man. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 225:422–423
Sung D, Kaltreider SA, Gonzalez-Fernandez F (2011) Early onset sebaceous carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 6:81
Lemos LB, Santa Cruz DJ, Baba N (1978) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid following radiation therapy. Am J Surg Pathol 2:305–311
Rundle P, Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr, Singh AD (1999) Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid seventeen years after irradiation for bilateral retinoblastoma. Eye (Lond) 13:109–110
Gauthier AS, Campolmi N, Tumahai P, Kantelip B, Delbosc B (2014) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid and Muir-Torre syndrome. JAMA Ophthalmol 132:1025–1028
Landis MN, Davis CL, Bellus GA, Wolverton SE (2011) Immunosuppression and sebaceous tumors: a confirmed diagnosis of Muir-Torre syndrome unmasked by immunosuppressive therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 65:1054–1058
Kivela T, Asko-Seljavaara S, Pihkala U, Hovi L, Heikkonen J (2001) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid associated with retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology 108:1124–1128
Gonzalez-Fernandez F, Kaltreider SA, Patnaik BD et al (1998) Sebaceous carcinoma: tumor progression through mutational inactivation of p53. Ophthalmology 105:497–506
Yen MT, Tse DT (2000) Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid and the human immunodeficiency virus. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:206–210
Tryggvason G, Bayon R, Pagedar NA (2012) Epidemiology of sebaceous carcinoma of the head and neck: implications for lymph node management. Head Neck 34:1765–1768
Bailet JW, Zimmerman MC, Arnstein DP, Wollman JS, Mickel RA (1992) Sebaceous carcinoma of the head and neck: case report and literature review. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:1245–1249
Bouraoui S, Khaddar RK, Mokni M, Badri T, Azaiez MY, Dhahri AB (2006) Extrapalpebral sebaceous carcinoma. Ann Dermatol Venereol 133:165–167
Song A, Carter KD, Syed NA, Song J, Nerad JA (2008) Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the ocular adnexa: clinical presentations, histopathology, and outcomes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 24:194–200
Rao NA, Hidayat AA, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE (1982) Sebaceous carcinomas of the ocular adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 104 cases, with five-year follow-up data. Hum Pathol 13:113–122
Shields JA, Demirci H, Marr BP, Eagle RC Jr, Shields CL (2005) Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular region: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 50:103–122
Ha A, Kim N (2016) Sebaceous gland carcinoma of tarsus can be misdiagnosed as intratarsal keratinous cyst. Can J Ophthalmol 51:99–101
Knackstedt T, Samie FH (2017) Sebaceous carcinoma: a review of the scientific literature. Curr Treat Options Oncol 18:47
Satomura H, Ogata D, Arai E, Tsuchida T (2017) Dermoscopic features of ocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinomas. J Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13905
Cohen PR, Kohn SR, Kurzrock R (1991) Association of sebaceous gland tumors and internal malignancy: the Muir-Torre syndrome. Am J Med 90:606–613
Cohen PR, Kohn SR, Davis DA, Kurzrock R (1995) Muir-Torre syndrome. Dermatol Clin 13:79–89
Esmaeli B, Dutton JJ, Graue GF et al (2017) Eyelid carcinoma. In: Edge SB, Greene FL, Byrd DR et al (eds) Carcinoma of the eyelid. AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th edn. Springer, New York, pp 779–785
Wolfe JT 3rd, Yeatts RP, Wick MR, Campbell RJ, Waller RR (1984) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid: errors in clinical and pathologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 8:597–606
Broekaert SM, Flux K, Kyrpychova L et al (2017) Squared-off nuclei and “Applique” pattern as a histopathological clue to periocular sebaceous carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 50 neoplasms from 46 patients. Am J Dermatopathol 39:275–278
Park SK, Park J, Kim HU, Yun SK (2017) Sebaceous carcinoma: clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases in a Tertiary Hospital in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 32:1351–1359
Pereira PR, Odashiro AN, Rodrigues-Reyes AA, Correa ZM, de Souza Filho JP, Burnier MN Jr (2005) Histopathological review of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. J Cutan Pathol 32:496–501
Ansai SI (2017) Topics in histopathology of sweat gland and sebaceous neoplasms. J Dermatol 44:315–326
Shields CL, Naseripour M, Shields JA, Eagle RC Jr (2002) Topical mitomycin-C for pagetoid invasion of the conjunctiva by eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma. Ophthalmology 109:2129–2133
Shet T, Kelkar G, Juvekar S, Mistry R, Borges A (2004) Masquerade syndrome: sebaceous carcinoma presenting as an unknown primary with pagetoid spread to the nasal cavity. J Laryngol Otol 118:307–309
Leibovitch I, Selva D, Huilgol S, Davis G, Dodd T, James CL (2006) Intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid misdiagnosed as Bowen’s disease. J Cutan Pathol 33:303–308
Barsegian A, Shinder R (2017) Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma with extensive pagetoid spread. Ophthalmology 124:858
Sinard JH (1999) Immunohistochemical distinction of ocular sebaceous carcinoma from basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 117:776–783
Ansai S, Takeichi H, Arase S, Kawana S, Kimura T (2011) Sebaceous carcinoma: an immunohistochemical reappraisal. Am J Dermatopathol 33:579–587
Plaza JA, Mackinnon A, Carrillo L, Prieto VG, Sangueza M, Suster S (2015) Role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol 37:809–821
Muthusamy K, Halbert G, Roberts F (2006) Immunohistochemical staining for adipophilin, perilipin and TIP47. J Clin Pathol 59:1166–1170
Boussahmain C, Mochel MC, Hoang MP (2013) Perilipin and adipophilin expression in sebaceous carcinoma and mimics. Hum Pathol 44:1811–1816
Schmitz EJ, Herwig-Carl MC, Holz FG, Loeffler KU (2017) Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the ocular adnexa–variability in clinical and histological appearance with analysis of immunohistochemical staining patterns. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 255:2277–2285
Jayaraj P, Sen S, Bhattacharya T et al (2016) Clinical relevance of cyclooxygenase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma. Histopathology 69:268–275
Mittal R, Araujo I, Czanner G, Coupland SE (2016) Perforin expression in eyelid sebaceous carcinomas: a useful and specific immunomarker for the differential diagnosis of eyelid carcinomas. Acta Ophthalmol 94:325–330
Tjarks BJ, Pownell BR, Evans C et al (2017) Evaluation and comparison of staining patterns of factor XIIIa (AC-1A1), adipophilin and GATA3 in sebaceous neoplasia. J Cutan Pathol. https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.13037
Murata T, Nakashima Y, Takeuchi M, Sueishi K, Inomata H (1993) The diagnostic use of low molecular weight keratin expression in sebaceous carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 189:888–893
Heyl J, Mehregan D (2008) Immunolabeling pattern of cytokeratin 19 expression may distinguish sebaceous tumors from basal cell carcinomas. J Cutan Pathol 35:40–45
Ansai S, Arase S, Kawana S, Kimura T (2011) Immunohistochemical findings of sebaceous carcinoma and sebaceoma: retrieval of cytokeratin expression by a panel of anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies. J Dermatol 38:951–958
Kawachi Y, Fujisawa Y, Furuta J, Nakamura Y, Ishii Y, Otsuka F (2011) Superficial epithelioma with sebaceous differentiation: immunohistochemical study of keratinocyte differentiation markers. Eur J Dermatol 21:1016–1017
Jakobiec FA, Mendoza PR (2014) Eyelid sebaceous carcinoma: clinicopathologic and multiparametric immunohistochemical analysis that includes adipophilin. Am J Ophthalmol 157:186–208
Tzorakoleftheraki SE, Iliadis A, Kostopoulos I, Koletsa T (2017) TdT expression in normal and neoplastic sebaceous cells. Histopathology. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13304
Kiyosaki K, Nakada C, Hijiya N et al (2010) Analysis of p53 mutations and the expression of p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 protein in 15 cases of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:7–11
Shalin SC, Sakharpe A, Lyle S, Lev D, Calonje E, Lazar AJ (2012) p53 staining correlates with tumor type and location in sebaceous neoplasms. Am J Dermatopathol 34:129–135
Cabral ES, Auerbach A, Killian JK, Barrett TL, Cassarino DS (2006) Distinction of benign sebaceous proliferations from sebaceous carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Am J Dermatopathol 28:465–471
Mateoiu C, Pirici A, Bogdan F (2011) Immunohistochemical nuclear staining for p53, PCNA, Ki-67 and bcl-2 in different histologic variants of basal cell carcinoma. Rom J Morphol Embryol 52:315–319
Athanassiadou AM, Lazaris AC, Patsouris E, Tsipis A, Chelidonis G, Aroni K (2013) Significance of cyclooxygenase 2, EZH-2 polycomb group and p53 expression in actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Am J Dermatopathol 35:425–431
Bell WR, Singh K, Rajan KdA, Eberhart CG (2015) Expression of p16 and p53 in intraepithelial periocular sebaceous carcinoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2:71–75
Ohara M, Sotozono C, Tsuchihashi Y, Kinoshita S (2004) Ki-67 labeling index as a marker of malignancy in ocular surface neoplasms. Jpn J Ophthalmol 48:524–529
Mulay K, Shah SJ, Aggarwal E, White VA, Honavar SG (2014) Periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma: do androgen receptor (NR3C4) and nuclear survivin (BIRC5) have a prognostic significance? Acta Ophthalmol 92:681–687
Bhardwaj M, Sen S, Sharma A et al (2015) ZEB2/SIP1 as novel prognostic indicator in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma. Hum Pathol 46:1437–1442
Jayaraj P, Sen S, Sharma A et al (2012) Epigenetic inactivation of the E-cadherin gene in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 167:583–590
Yunoki T, Tabuchi Y, Hayashi A (2017) Expression of anti-apoptotic protein BAG3 in human sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid. Anticancer Res 37:1931–1934
Jakobiec FA, Werdich X (2014) Androgen receptor identification in the diagnosis of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas. Am J Ophthalmol 157:687–696
Mulay K, White VA, Shah SJ, Honavar S (2014) Sebaceous carcinoma: clinicopathologic features and diagnostic role of immunohistochemistry (including androgen receptor). Can J Ophthalmol 49:326–332
Na HY, Choe JY, Shin SA et al (2016) Proposal of a provisional classification of sebaceous carcinoma based on hormone receptor expression and HER2 status. Am J Surg Pathol 40:1622–1630
Asadi-Amoli F, Khoshnevis F, Haeri H, Jahanzad I, Pazira R, Shahsiah R (2010) Comparative examination of androgen receptor reactivity for differential diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma from squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 134:22–26
Cho KJ, Khang SK, Koh JS, Chung JH, Lee SS (2000) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids: frequent expression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein. J Korean Med Sci 15:545–550
Kwon MJ, Shin HS, Nam ES et al (2015) Comparison of HER2 gene amplification and KRAS alteration in eyelid sebaceous carcinomas with that in other eyelid tumors. Pathol Res Pract 211:349–355
Plocharczyk EF, Frankel WL, Hampel H, Peters SB (2013) Mismatch repair protein deficiency is common in sebaceous neoplasms and suggests the importance of screening for Lynch syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 35:191–195
Boennelycke M, Thomsen BM, Holck S (2015) Sebaceous neoplasms and the immunoprofile of mismatch-repair proteins as a screening target for syndromic cases. Pathol Res Pract 211:78–82
Ponti G, Longo C (2013) Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein expression in sebaceous tumors, keratocanthoma, and basal cell carcinomas with sebaceous differentiation in Muir-Torre syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 68:509–510
Chang HH, Suh E, Fortes BH, Zheng F, Cheng AM (2017) Forehead galeal pericranial flap for single-staged total upper eyelid reconstruction in sebaceous gland carcinoma excision. Int Med Case Rep J 10:309–312
Arora A, Barlow RJ, Williamson JM, Olver JM (2004) Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) treated with ‘slow’ Mohs’ micrographic surgery. Eye (Lond) 18:854–855
Spencer JM, Nossa R, Tse DT, Sequeira M (2001) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 44:1004–1009
Hou JL, Killian JM, Baum CL et al (2014) Characteristics of sebaceous carcinoma and early outcomes of treatment using Mohs micrographic surgery versus wide local excision: an update of the Mayo Clinic experience over the past 2 decades. Dermatol Surg 40:241–246
Tolkachjov SN (2017) Adnexal carcinomas treated with Mohs micrographic surgery: a comprehensive review. Dermatol Surg 43:1199–1207
Brady KL, Hurst EA (2017) Sebaceous carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol Surg 43:281–286
Tan KC, Lee ST, Cheah ST (1991) Surgical treatment of sebaceous carcinoma of eyelids with clinico-pathological correlation. Br J Plast Surg 44:117–121
While B, Salvi S, Currie Z, Mudhar HS, Tan JH (2014) Excision and delayed reconstruction with paraffin section histopathological analysis for periocular sebaceous carcinoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 30:105–109
Takahashi Y, Takahashi E, Nakakura S, Kitaguchi Y, Mupas-Uy J, Kakizaki H (2016) Risk factors for local recurrence or metastasis of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma after wide excision with paraffin section control. Am J Ophthalmol 171:67–74
Putterman AM (1986) Conjunctival map biopsy to determine pagetoid spread. Am J Ophthalmol 102:87–90
McConnell LK, Syed NA, Zimmerman MB et al (2017) An analysis of conjunctival map biopsies in sebaceous carcinoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 33:17–21
Shields JA, Saktanasate J, Lally SE, Carrasco JR, Shields CL (2015) Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular region: the 2014 Professor Winifred Mao Lecture. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol 4:221–227
Gerring RC, Ott CT, Curry JM, Sargi ZB, Wester ST (2017) Orbital exenteration for advanced periorbital non-melanoma skin cancer: prognostic factors and survival. Eye (Lond) 31:379–388
Khan SN, Sepahdari AR (2012) Orbital masses: CT and MRI of common vascular lesions, benign tumors, and malignancies. Saudi J Ophthalmol 26(4):373–383
Mafee M, Karimi A, Shah J et al (2005) Anatomy and pathology of the eye: role of MR imaging and CT. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 15:23–47
Kapur R, Sepahdari AR, Mafee MF, Putterman AM, Aakalu V, Wendel LJ, Setabutr P (2009) MR imaging of orbital inflammatory syndrome, orbital cellulitis, and orbital lymphoid lesions: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(1):64–70
Krishna SM, Finger PT, Chin K, Lacob CE (2007) 18-FDG PET/CT staging of ocular sebaceous cell carcinoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:759–760
Zhao X, Wang GF, Zhao K, Cui HG, Ding W (2015) Value of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT in ocular sebaceous adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review. Int J Clin Exp Med 8:19524–19529
Sepahdari AR, Politi LS, Aakalu VK, Kim HJ, Razek AA (2014) Diffusion-weighted imaging of orbital masses: multi-institutional data support a 2-ADC threshold model to categorize lesions as benign, malignant, or indeterminate. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(1):170–175
Savar A, Oellers P, Myers J et al (2011) Positive sentinel node in sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 27:4–6
Ho VH, Ross MI, Prieto VG, Khaleeq A, Kim S, Esmaeli B (2007) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for sebaceous cell carcinoma and melanoma of the ocular adnexa. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:820–826
Husain A, Blumenschein G, Esmaeli B (2008) Treatment and outcomes for metastatic sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Int J Dermatol 47:276–279
Hata M, Koike I, Omura M, Maegawa J, Ogino I, Inoue T (2012) Noninvasive and curative radiation therapy for sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82:605–611
Deo SV, Shukla NK, Singh M, Jha D, Khanna P, Kallianpur A (2012) Locally advanced sebaceous cell carcinoma (T3) of eyelid: incidence and pattern of nodal metastases and combined modality management approach. Orbit 31:150–154
Kasperts N, Slotman BJ, Leemans CR, de Bree R, Doornaert P, Langendijk JA (2006) Results of postoperative reirradiation for recurrent or second primary head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 106:1536–1547
Sahai P, Shukla NK, Arora S, Mohanti BK (2016) Recurrent sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid: outcome after postoperative reirradiation. Head Neck 38:16–19
Priyadarshini O, Biswas G, Biswas S, Padhi R, Rath S (2010) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in recurrent sebaceous carcinoma of eyelid with orbital invasion and regional lymphadenopathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 26:366–368
Kaliki S, Ayyar A, Nair AG, Mishra DK, Reddy VA, Naik MN (2016) Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy in the management of extensive eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma: a study of 10 cases. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 32:35–39
Wali UK, Al-Mujaini A (2010) Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid. Oman J Ophthalmol 3:117–121
Snow SN, Larson PO, Lucarelli MJ, Lemke BN, Madjar DD (2002) Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids treated by mohs micrographic surgery: report of nine cases with review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 28:623–631
Chao AN, Shields CL, Krema H, Shields JA (2001) Outcome of patients with periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma with and without conjunctival intraepithelial invasion. Ophthalmology 108:1877–1883
Choi YJ, Jin HC, Lee MJ, Kim N, Choung HK, Khwarg SI (2014) Prognostic value of clinical and pathologic T stages defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for eyelid sebaceous carcinoma in Korea. Jpn J Ophthalmol 58:327–333
Kaliki S, Gupta A, Ali MH, Ayyar A, Naik MN (2016) Prognosis of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma based on the tumor (T) category of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification. Int Ophthalmol 36:681–690
Muqit MM, Roberts F, Lee WR, Kemp E (2004) Improved survival rates in sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Eye (Lond) 18:49–53
Li B, Li N, Cheng G et al (2006) Correlation of the expression of telomerase RNA with risk factors for recurrence of sebaceous gland carcinoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:480–484
Funding
Support was provided by The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer and Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No conflicts of interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cicinelli, M.V., Kaliki, S. Ocular sebaceous gland carcinoma: an update of the literature. Int Ophthalmol 39, 1187–1197 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0925-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0925-z