Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth of Sillenite-Structure Single Crystals

  • Published:
Inorganic Materials Aims and scope

Abstract

The main processes for preparing bulk single crystals and films of photorefractive and piezoelectric Bi12M x O20±δ (M = Group II–VIII elements) sillenite compounds are considered. Experimental data are summarized on the crystal growth of Bi12M x O20±δ from the melt and under hydrothermal conditions, and the key morphological features of sillenites are analyzed. Various types of macroscopic growth defects in sillenite-type crystals are described, and their origin is discussed. The compositions of second-phase inclusions in undoped and doped (Group I–VIII elements) Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20, and Bi12TiO20 single crystals are presented, and the main physicochemical properties of various Bi12M x O20±δ crystals are summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Photorefractive Effects and Materials, Nolte, D.D., Ed., Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Buse, K., Light-Induced Charge Transport Processes in Photorefractive Crystals: II. Materials, Appl. Phys. B, 1997, vol. 64, pp. 391–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Stepanov, S.I., Applications of Photorefractive Crystals, Rep. Prog. Phys., 1994, vol. 57, no.1, pp. 39–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Frejlich, J. and Garcia, P.M., Advances in Real-Time Holographic Interferometry for the Measurement of Vibrations and Deformations, Opt. Lasers Eng., 2000, vol. 32, no.6, pp. 515–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Blistanov, A.A., Bondarenko, V.S., Chkalova, V.V., et al., Akusticheskie kristally. Spravochnik (Acoustic Crystals: A Handbook), Shaskol'skaya, M.P., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kizel', V.A. and Burkov, V.I., Girotropiya kristallov (Gyrotropy of Crystals), Moscow: Nauka, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Romashko, R.V., Shandarov, S.M., Kulchin, Yu.N., et al., Reflection Photorefractive Holograms in Fiber-Optical Interferometer Systems, Pac. Sci. Rev., 2003, vol. 5, pp. 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mokrushina, E.V., Bryushinin, M.A., Kulikov, V.V., et al., Photoconductive Properties of Photorefractive Sillenites Grown in an Oxygen-Free Atmosphere, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys., 1999, vol. 16, pp. 57–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Karminskii, S.S., Ustroistva obrabotki signalov na ul'trazvukovykh poverkhnostnykh volnakh (Signal Processing Surface Acoustic Wave Devices), Moscow: Sovetskoe Radio, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Yuji Hamasaki, Hideo Gotoh, Masaaki Katoh, and Seiichi Takeuchi, OPSEF: An Optical Sensor for Measurement of High Electric Field Intensity, Electron. Lett., 1980, vol. 16, no.11, pp. 406–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gorchakov, V.K., Kargin, Yu. F., Kutsaenko, V.V., et al., RF Patent 1737371, 1993.

  12. Sillen, L.G., X-ray Studies of Bismuth Trioxide, Ark. Kemi. Mineral. Geol. A, 1937, ser. 12, no. 18, pp. 1–15.

  13. Skorikov, V.M., Chemistry of Piezoelectric Oxide Compounds, Extended Abstract of Doctoral (Chem.) Dissertation, Moscow: Kurnakov Inst. of General and Inorganic Chemistry, USSR Acad. Sci., 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kargin, Yu.F., Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Sillenite-Structure Bismuth Oxide Compounds, Doctoral (Chem.) Dissertation, Moscow: Kurnakov Inst. of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russ. Acad. Sci., 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Abrahams, S.C., Jamieson, P.B., and Bernstein, J.L., Crystal Structure of Piezoelectric Bismuth Germanium Oxide Bi12GeO20, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, vol. 47, pp. 4034–4041.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Craig, D.C. and Stephenson, N.C., Structure Studies of Some Body-Centered Cubic Phases of Mixed Oxides Involving Bi2O3: The Structures of Bi25FeO40 and Bi38ZnO60, J. Solid State Chem., 1975, vol. 15, no.1, pp. 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Abrahams, S.C., Bernstein, J.L., and Svensson, C., Crystal Structure and Absolute Piezoelectric d(14) Coefficient in Laevorotatory Bi12SiO20, J. Chem. Phys., 1979, vol. 72, no.2, pp. 788–792.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Horowitz, H.S., Jacobson, A.J., Newsam, J.M., et al., Solution Synthesis and Characterization of Sillenite Phases, Bi24M2O40 (M = Si, Ge, V, As, P), Solid State Ionics, 1989, vol. 32, pp. 678–690.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Radaev, S.F., Simonov, V.I., Kargin, Yu.F., and Skorikov, V.M., New Data on Structure and Crystal Chemistry of Sillenites Bi12MO20±δ, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 1992, vol. 29, pp. 383–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Radaev, S.F., Tromel, M., Kargin, Yu.F., et al., Bi12(Bi III0.50 Tl III0.50 )O19.50, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1994, vol. 50, pp. 656–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Delicat, U., Radaev, S.F., Tromel, M., et al., Tetrahedral Coordination of Mn(IV) by Oxygen in Manganese Sillenite Bi12MnO20, J. Solid State Chem., 1994, vol. 110, pp. 66–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mary, T.A., Mackay, R., Nguyen, P., and Sleight, A.W., Crystal Structure of Bi12.7Co0.3O19.35, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg Chem., 1996, vol. 33, no.4, pp. 285–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ballman, A.A., The Growth and Properties of Piezoelectric Bismuth Germanium Oxide Bi12GeO20, J. Cryst. Growth, 1967, vol. 1, pp. 37–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Batog, V.N., Burkov, V.I., Kizel', V.A., et al., Optical Activity of Bismuth Compounds, Kristallografiya, 1969, vol. 14, no.5, pp. 928–929.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Safonov, A.I., Baryshev, S.A., Nikiforova, T.I., et al., Crystal Growth and Optical Properties of Bi12SiO20, Kristallografiya, 1968, vol. 13, no.5, pp. 914–915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Safonov, A.I., Baryshev, S.A., Nikiforova, T.I., et al., Crystal Growth and Optical Properties of Bi12GeO20, Kristallografiya, 1969, vol. 14, no.1, pp. 152–153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sobolev, A.T., Kopylov, Yu.L., Kravchenko, V.B., and Kucha, V.V., Effect of Growth Conditions on the Optical Homogeneity of Germanium Sillenite Single Crystals, Kristallografiya, 1978, vol. 23, no.1, pp. 174–179.

    CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  28. Kravchenko, V.B., Kucha, V.V., and Sobolev, A.T., Effect of the Interface Shape on the Morphology and Structural Perfection of Czochralski-Grown Gd3Ga5O12 and Bi12GeO20 Crystals, Kristallografiya, 1980, vol. 25, no.5, pp. 1110–1115.

    CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  29. Kukushkin, S.A., Maksikov, A.I., and Petrov, A.A., Impurity Distribution over the Crystal-Melt Interface in Czochralski Growth of Bi12SiO20 Single Crystals, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1980, no. 2, pp. 431–433.

  30. Voskresenskaya, E.N., Kargin, Yu.F., Skorikov, V.M., and Konstantinov, V.V., Lattice Defects in Single Crystals of Sillenite Compounds, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1982, vol. 18, no.1, pp. 102–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kargin, Yu.F., Volkov, V.V., Gospodinov, M., et al., Optical Inhomogeneity of Czochralski-Grown Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20 Single Crystals, Vysokochist. Veshchestva, 1990, no. 5, pp. 67–71.

  32. Babonas, G.A., Bondarev, A.D., Leonov, E.I., et al., Absorption Inhomogeneity in Bi12SiO20 Crystals, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1981, vol. 51, no.8, pp. 1701–1702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Picone, P.J., Core Formation in Bi12SiO20, J. Cryst. Growth, 1988, vol. 87, pp. 421–424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Steiner, B., Laor, U., Kuriyama, M., et al., Diffraction Imaging of High Quality Bismuth Silicon Oxide with Monochromatic Synchrotron Radiation: Applications for Crystal Growth, J. Cryst. Growth, 1988, vol. 87, pp. 79–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Brice, J.C., Bruton, T.M., Hill, O.F., and Whiffin, P.A.C., The Czochralski Growth of Bi12SiO20 Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 1974, vol. 24/25, pp. 429–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Brice, J.C., The Cracking of Czochralski Grown Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 1977, vol. 42, no.1, pp. 427–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Piekarczyk, W., Swirkowicz, M., and Gazda, S., The Czochralski Growth of Bismuth Germanium Oxide Single Crystals, Mater. Res. Bull., 1978, vol. 13, pp. 889–894.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brice, J.C. and Whiffin, P.A.C., Changes in Fluid Flow during Czochralski Growth, J. Cryst. Growth, 1977, vol. 33, pp. 245–248.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hill, O.F. and Brice, J.C., The Composition of Crystals of Bismuth Silicon Oxide, J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, pp. 1252–1254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Whiffin, P.A.C., Brutton, T.M., and Brice, J.C., Simulated Rotational Instabilities in Molten Bismuth Silicon Oxide, J. Cryst. Growth, 1976, vol. 32, pp. 205–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Tanguay, A.R., Mroczkowski, Jr.S., and Barker, R.C., The Czochralski Growth of Optical Quality Bismuth Silicon Oxide, J. Cryst. Growth, 1977, vol. 42, pp. 431–434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Smet, F. and Van Enckevort, W.J.P., In Situ Microscopic Investigations of Crystal Growth Processes in the System Bi2O3-GeO2, J. Cryst. Growth, 1990, vol. 100, pp. 417–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Martinez-Lopez, J., Gonzalez-Menas, M., Rojo, J.C., et al., X-ray Topographic Characterization of Growth Defect in Sillenite Type Crystals, Ann. Chim. (Paris, Fr.), 1997, vol. 22, pp. 687–690.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rojo, L.C., Marin, C., Derby, J.J., and Dieguez, E., Heat Transfer and the External Morphology of Czochralski-Grown Sillenite Compounds, J. Cryst. Growth, 1998, vol. 183, pp. 604–613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jin Wei-qing, The Growth and Melting Morphology of Bi12SiO20 Crystals, Ceram. Int., 1993, vol. 19, pp. 211–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Gopalakrishnan, R., Krishnamurthy, D., Arivuoli, D., and Ramasamy, P., Microscopy Observations of Cz-Grown BSO (Bi12SiO20) Crystals, Mater. Chem. Phys., 1994, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 90–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Krishnamurthy, D., Gopalakrishnan, R., Arivuoli, D., and Ramasamy, P., Growth of Oxide Crystals—Effect of Change in Melt Depth, J. Cryst. Growth, 1994, vol. 141, no.3/4, pp. 371–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fontaine, J.P., Extremet, G.P., Chevrier, V., and Launay, J.C., Experimental and Theoretical Treatments of the Czochralski Growth of Bi12SiO20, J. Cryst. Growth, 1994, vol. 139, no.1/2, pp. 67–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Aggarwal, M.D., Metzl, R., Wang, W.S., and Choi, J., A Versatile Czochralski Crystal-Growth System with Automatic Diameter Control, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1995, vol. 66, no.7, pp. 3939–3942.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gospodinov, M., Tassev, V., and Dimitrov, K., Research of Central Core in Bi12SiO20 Crystals, Cryst. Res. Technol., 1996, vol. 31, no.5, pp. 595–600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Svestharov, P. and Gospodinov, M.M., The Melt Level Technique of Automatic Czochralski Crystal Growth: Basic Theory and Comparison with the Weighting Method, J. Cryst. Growth, 1992, vol. 118, no.3/4, pp. 439–451.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Santos, M.T., Marin, C., and Dieguez, E., Morphology of Bi12GeO20 Crystals Grown along the (111) Directions by the Czochralski Method, J. Cryst. Growth, 1996, vol. 160, no.3/4, pp. 283–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wada, N. and Morinaga, K., T-T-T Diagrams and C-C-C Diagrams for Growth of Sillenite Single-Crystals, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 1998, vol. 106, no.6, pp. 576–581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Takeda, S., Sugiyama, K., and Waseda, Y., Structural-Analysis of Molten Bismuth-Germanate Compounds, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1993, vol. 32, no.12, pp. 5633–5636.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Fu, S. and Ozoe, H., Solidification Characteristics of Metastable δ-Bi12SiO20 and Stable γ-Bi12SiO20, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1996, vol. 29, no.7, pp. 2032–2043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fu, S. and Ozoe, H., Metastable Delta-Bi12SiO20 and Its Effect on the Quality of Grown Single-Crystals of Gamma-Bi12SiO20, J. Mater. Res., 1996, vol. 11, no.10, pp. 2575–2582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Santos, M.T., Rojo, J.C., Cintas, A., et al., Changes in the Solid-Liquid Interface during Growth of Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20, and LiNbO3 Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method, J. Cryst. Growth, 1995, vol. 156, pp. 413–420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Budenkova, O.N., Vasiliev, M.G., Yuferev, V.S., et al., Simulation of Global Heat Transfer in the Czochralski Process for BGO Sillenite Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 2004, vol. 266, nos.1–3, pp. 103–108.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Aggarwal, M.D., Wang, W.S., Choi, J., et al., Morphology and Formation of the Color Core of Bi12SiO20 Crystals Grown by Czochralski Method, J. Cryst. Growth, 1994, vol. 137, pp. 132–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rojo, J.C., Dieguez, E., and Derby, J.J., A Heat Shield to Control Thermal Gradients, Melt Convection, and Interface Shape during Shouldering in Czochralski Oxide Growth, J. Cryst. Growth, 1999, vol. 200, pp. 329–334.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Babu, S., Kitamura, K., Takekawa, S., et al., Interband Transitions in Bismuth Germanate Crystals Grown from the Melts of Several [Ge]/[Bi] Ratios, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys., 1999, vol. 16, no.8, pp. 1243–1249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kumaragurubaran, S., Babu, S.M., Kitamura, K., et al., Defect Analysis in Czochralski Grown Bi12SiO20 Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 2001, vol. 229, nos.1–4, pp. 233–237.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Xu Xuewu, Liao Jingying, Shen Bingfu, et al., Bi12SiO20 Single Crystal Growth by the Bridgman Method, J. Cryst. Growth, 1993, vol. 133, pp. 267–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Xu Xuewu, Liao Jingying, Shen Bingfu, et al., Vertical Bridgman Growth and Optical Properties of Doped Bi12SiO20 Crystals, Cryst. Res. Technol., 1994, vol. 29, no.2, pp. 207–213.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tananaev, I.V., Skorikov, V.M., Kutvitskii, V.A., and Voskresenskaya, E.N., Platinum Solubility in Bi2O3-E x O y (E = Si, Ti, Ge, Zn, Cd) Melts, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1981, vol. 17, no.4, pp. 663–668.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bruton, T.M., Brice, J.C., Hill, O.F., and Whiffin, P.A.C., The Flux Growth of Some γ-Bi2O3 Crystals by the Top-Seeded Technique, J. Cryst. Growth, 1974, vol. 23, pp. 21–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bruton, T.M., Hill, O.F., Whiffin, P.A.C., and Brice, J.C., The Growth of Some Gamma Bismuth Oxide Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 1976, vol. 32, pp. 27–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Volkov, V.V., Crystal Growth and Physicochemical Characterization of Bismuth Titanate, Cand. Sci. (Chem.) Dissertation, Moscow: Kurnakov Inst. of General and Inorganic Chemistry, USSR Acad. Sci., 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Prokofiev, V.V., Carvalho, J.F., Andreeta, J.P., et al., Growth and Characterization of Photorefractive Bi12TiO20 Single-Crystals, Cryst. Res. Technol., 1995, vol. 30, no.2, pp. 171–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Gospodinov, M., Marinova, V., Sainov, V., and Sveshtarov, P., The Growth and Optical Properties of Doped Bismuth Titanate, Mater. Res. Bull., 1993, vol. 28, no.3, pp. 445–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Mersch, F., Buse, K., Sauf, W., et al., Growth and Characterization of Undoped and Doped Bi12TiO20 Crystals, Phys. Status Solidi A, 1993, vol. 140, pp. 273–281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Miyazawa, S. and Tabata, T., Bi2O3-TiO2 Binary Phase Diagram Study for TSSG Pulling of Bi12TiO20 Single Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 1998, vol. 191, pp. 512–516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Egorysheva, A.V., Burkov, V.I., Kargin, Yu.F., and Skorikov, V.M., Stoichiometric Dependence of Optical and Photoconductive Properties of Bi12TiO20 Single Crystals, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 2001, vol. 4358, pp. 97–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kargin, Yu.F., Egorysheva, A.V., Volkov, V.V., et al., Growth and Characterization of Doped Bi12TiO20 Single Crystals, 14th Int. Conf. on Crystal Growth, ICCG-14, Grenoble, 2004, p. 306.

  75. Carvalho, J.F. and Hernandes, A.C., Large Bi12TiO20 Single Crystals: A Study of Intrinsic Defects and Growth Parameters, J. Cryst. Growth, 1999, vol. 205, pp. 185–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Burianek, M. and Muhlberg, M., Crystal Growth of Boron Sillenite Bi24B2O39, Cryst. Res. Technol., 1997, vol. 32, no.8, pp. 1023–1027.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Egorysheva, A.V., Volkov, V.V., Burkov, V.I., et al., Growth and Characterization of Bismuth Borate Crystals, Opt. Mater., 1999, vol. 13, pp. 361–365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Burianek, M., Held, P., and Muehlberg, M., Improved Single Crystal Growth of the Boron Sillenite “Bi24B2O39” and Investigation of the Crystal Structure, Cryst. Res. Technol., 2002, vol. 37, no.8, pp. 785–796.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Volkov, V.V., Egorysheva, A.V., and Skorikov, V.M., Growth and Some Physical Properties of Sillenite-Type Phases with Orientational Disorder, Neorg. Mater., 1993, vol. 29, no.5, pp. 652–655 [Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 560–563].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Kargin, Yu.F., Egorysheva, A.V., Volkov, V.V., and Skorikov, V.M., Sillenites Single Crystals of Different Composition: Crystal Growth from the Melt and Characterization, 14th Int. Conf. on Crystal Growth, ICCG-14, Grenoble, 2004, p. 448.

  81. Ballman, A.A., Brown, H., Tien, P.K., and Martin, R.J., The Growth of Single Crystalline Waveguiding Thin Films of Piezoelectric Sillenites, J. Cryst. Growth, 1973, vol. 20, pp. 251–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tada, K., Kuhara, Y., Tatsumi, M., and Yamaguchi, T., Liquid-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Bismuth Silicon Oxide Single-Crystal Film: A New Optically Activated Optical Switch, Appl. Opt., 1982, vol. 21, no.16, pp. 2953–2959.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kargin, Yu.F., Salikaev, Yu.R., Shandarov, S.M., and Tsisar', I.V., Two-Beam Coupling in Index Gratings in a Planar Bi12TiO20/Bi12GeO20 Waveguide, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1994, vol. 20, no.24, pp. 55–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bondarev, A.D., Katsavets, N.I., Kudrik, I.E., et al., Growth and Optical and Photoelectric Properties of Heteroepitaxial Bismuth Titanate and Bismuth Gallate Films, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1985, vol. 11, no.12, pp. 713–717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kukushkin, S.A., Razumov, S.V., Kalinkin, I.P., and Krasin'kova, N.V., Liquid-Phase Growth of Thin Bi12Ti x Si1−x O20 Films, Kristallografiya, 1990, vol. 35, no.6, pp. 1517–1522.

    CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  86. Roszko, M., Skulska, E., Chojnacka, I., et al., Studies on Preparing a Planar Waveguide in the Bi12GeO20 Crystal, Pr. Inst. Fiz., Politech. Warsz., 1986, no. 31/32, pp. 101–112.

  87. Kargin, Yu.F., Egorysheva, A.V., Volkov, V.V., et al., The Growth of Photorefractive Planar BTO/BSO and BTO/BGO Waveguide, 14th Int. Conf. on Crystal Growth, ICCG-14, Grenoble, 2004, p. 395.

  88. Ivleva, L.I. and Kuz'minov, Yu.S., Melt Growth of Single-Crystal Ca(VO4)2 and Bi12SiO20 Plates by the Stepanov Method, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz., 1983, vol. 47, no.2, pp. 395–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ivleva, L.I., Kuz'minov, Yu.S., Osiko, V.V., and Polozkov, N.M., The Growth of Multicomponent Oxide Single Crystals by Stepanov's Technique, J. Cryst. Growth, 1987, vol. 82, no.1/2, pp. 168–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Miyamoto, K., Miyamoto, H., and Komoda, Sh., Growth of Thin Plates of Bi12SiO20 Single Crystals, Mater. Res. Bull., 1980, vol. 15, pp. 729–734.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mitsuyu, T., Wasa, K., and Hayakawa, S., RF-Sputtered Epitaxial Films of Bi12TiO20 on Bi12GeO20 for Optical Waveguiding, J. Cryst. Growth, 1977, vol. 41, pp. 151–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Baglikov, V.B., Dmitriev, V.A., Kornetov, V.N., et al., Crystal Structure and Electrophysical Properties of Bismuth-Germanate Films, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1985, vol. 21, no.5, pp. 719–724.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Nomura, K. and Ogawa, H., Electro-optic Effects of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma-Sputtered Bi12SiO20 Thin Film on Sapphire, J. Appl. Phys., 1991, vol. 70, pp. 3234–3238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Youden, K.E., Eason, R.W., and Gover, M.C., Investigation of Photorefractive Wave-Guides Fabricated by Excimer Laser Ablation and Ion-Implantation, in Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices, Beverly, 1991, pp. 460–463.

  95. Youden, K.E., Eason, R.W., Gover, M.C., and Vainos, N.A., Epitaxial Growth of Bi12GeO20 Thin-Film Waveguides Using Excimer Laser Ablation, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1991, vol. 59, pp. 1929–1931.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Alfonso, J., Martin, M., Mendiola, J., et al., Bi12(GaBi1−x )O19.5 Optical Waveguides Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition, J. Appl. Phys., 1996, vol. 79, no.11.

  97. Alfonso, J., Volkov, V.V., Martin, M., et al., Photoconductive Bi12MO20-Type Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition, J. Mater. Res., 1999, vol. 14, no.11, pp. 4409–4417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Silvestri, V.J., Sedwick, T.O., and Landermann, J.B., Vapor Growth of Bi12GeO20, γ-Bi2O3, and BiOCl, J. Cryst. Growth, 1973, vol. 20, pp. 165–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Nagao, Y. and Mimura, Y., Growth and Characterization of Bi12SiO20 Films by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Decomposition, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1987, vol. 23, pp. 2152–2158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Plyaka, S.N., Sokolyanskii, G.Ch., Klebanskii, E.O., and Sadovskaya, L.Ja., Conductivity of the Bi12SiO20 Thin Films, Condens. Mater. Phys., 1999, vol. 2, no.4, pp. 625–630.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Prokofiev, V.V., Andreeta, J.P., de Lima, C.J., et al., Growth of Single-Crystal Photorefractive Fibers of Bi12SiO20 and Bi12TiO20 by the Laser-Heated Pedestal Growth Method, J. Cryst. Growth, 1994, vol. 137, pp. 528–534.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Prokofiev, V.V., Kamshilin, A.A., and Jaaskelainen, T., Progress in the Synthesis of Photorefractive Sillenite Structure Materials, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1996, vol. 3178, pp. 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Fu, S. and Ozoe, H., Enhancement of Growth-Rate for BSO Crystals by Improving Thermal Conditions, Mater. Res. Bull., 1996, vol. 31, no.11, pp. 1341–1354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Quon, D.H.H., Chehab, S., Aota, J., et al., Float-Zone Crystal Growth of Bismuth Germanate and Numerical Simulation, J. Cryst. Growth, 1993, vol. 134, pp. 266–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fu, S. and Ozoe, H., Solid Phase Reaction in Synthesis of Bi12SiO20 Source-Rods for Single Crystal Growth in a Floating Zone, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1996, vol. 57, no.9, pp. 1269–1278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Saghir, M.Z., Islam, M.R., Maffei, N., and Quon, D.H.H., Three-Dimensional Modeling of Bi12GeO20 Using the Float Zone Technique, J. Cryst. Growth, 1998, vol. 193, pp. 623–635.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Maffei, N., Quon, D.H.H., Aota, J., et al., Characterization of Bi12GeO20 Processed in a Microgravity Environment, J. Cryst. Growth, 1997, vol. 181, no.4, pp. 382–389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Litvin, B.N., Shaldin, Yu.V., and Pitovranova, I.E., Crystal Growth and Electro-optic Properties of Silicon Sillenite, Kristallografiya, 1968, vol. 13, no.6, pp. 1106–1108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Surnina, V.S. and Litvin, B.N., Crystallization in the Systems Na2O-Bi2O3-SiO2-H2O and Na2O-Bi2O3-GeO2-H2O, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1970, vol. 6, no.9, pp. 1695–1697.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Surnina, V.S. and Litvin, B.N., Hydrothermal Crystallization in the Systems Na2O-MeO2-Bi2O3-H2O (Me = Al, Ga, In), Kristallografiya, 1970, vol. 15, no.3, pp. 604–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kurazhkovskaya, V.S. and Litvin, B.N., Crystallization in the Na2O-Bi2O3-Fe2O3-H2O System, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1973, vol. 9, no.4, pp. 652–654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kurazhkovskaya, V.S., Hydrothermal Synthesis and Properties of Bismuth Oxide Compounds, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Geol.-Mineral.) Dissertation, Moscow: Moscow State Univ., 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Kurazhkovskaya, V.S., Hydrothermal Crystallization of Phosphorus Sillenite, Kristallografiya, 1976, vol. 21, no.6, pp. 1240–1242.

    CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  114. Barsukova, M.L., Kuznetsov, V.A., Lobachev, A.N., and Shaldin, Yu.V., Hydrothermal Growth of Bismuth Titanates, J. Cryst. Growth, 1972, vol. 13/14, pp. 530–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Mar'in, A.A., Synthesis and Seeded Crystal Growth of Sillenites under Hydrothermal Conditions, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Geol.-Mineral.) Dissertation, Moscow: Moscow State Univ., 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Samoilovich, L.A., Solubility of Silicon Sillenite in Alkaline Hydrothermal Solutions, in Sintez monokristallicheskogo mineral'nogo syr'ya (Synthesis of Single-Crystal Mineral Raw Materials), Moscow: Nedra, 1982, pp. 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Yudin, A.N., Kaplunnik, L.N., Mar'in, A.A., et al., X-ray Measurements on Hydrothermal Crystals and Epitaxial Films with the Sillenite Structure, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1989, vol. 25, no.2, pp. 267–270.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Yudin, A.N., Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Morphology of Sillenites, Cand. Sci. (Geol.-Mineral.) Dissertation, Moscow: Moscow State Univ., 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Barsukova, M.L., Kuznetsov, V.A., Lobachev, A.N., and Tanakina, T.N., Crystallization of Bismuth Titanates, Kristallografiya, 1972, vol. 17, no.4, pp. 846–850.

    CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  120. Yudin, A.N., Mar'in, A.A., and Balitskii, V.S., Morphology of Hydrothermally Grown Sillenite-Structure Crystals, Kristallografiya, 1985, vol. 31, no.5, pp. 1039–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Larkin, J., Harris, M., and Cormier, J.E., Hydrothermal Growth of Bismuth Silicate (BSO), J. Cryst. Growth, 1993, vol. 128, pp. 871–875.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Harris, M., Larkin, J., Cormier, J.E., and Armington, A.F., Optical Studies of Czochralski and Hydrothermal Bismuth Silicate, J. Cryst. Growth, 1994, vol. 137, pp. 128–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Leigh, W.B., Larkin, J.J., Harris, M.T., and Brown, R.N., Characterization of Czochralski-and Hydrothermal-Grown Bi12SiO20, J. Appl. Phys., 1994, vol. 76, no.2, pp. 660–666.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Safronov, G.A., Speranskaya, E.I., Batog, V.N., et al., Bi2O3-Ga2O3 Phase Diagram, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1971, vol. 16, no.2, pp. 526–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Dzhalaladdinov, F.F., Phase Relations in the Ternary Systems Bi2O3-ZnO-EO2 and Bi2O3-Ga2O3-EO2, E = Si and Ge, Cand. Sci. (Chem.) Dissertation, Moscow: Kurnakov Inst. of General and Inorganic Chemistry, USSR Acad. Sci., 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Speranskaya, E.I., Skorikov, V.M., Terekhova, V.A., and Rode, E.Ya., Bi2O3-Fe2O3 Phase Diagram, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1965, no. 5, pp. 905–906.

  127. Kargin, Yu.F. and Egorysheva, A.V., Synthesis and Structure of the Bi24B2O39 Sillenite, Neorg. Mater., 1998, vol. 34, no.7, pp. 859–863 [Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 714–718].

    Google Scholar 

  128. Takagi, K., Pukazawa, F., and Ishii, M., Inversion of the Direction of the Solid-Liquid Interface on the Czochralski Growth of GGG Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 1976, vol. 32, p. 89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Zhereb, V.P. and Skorikov, V.M., Metastable States in Bismuth-Containing Oxide Systems, Inorg. Mater., 2003, vol. 39,suppl. 2, pp. S121–S145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kargin, Yu.F., Mar'in, A.A., Vasil'ev, A.Ya., et al., Growth of Enantiomorphous Sillenite-Structure Crystals, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1981, vol. 17, no.8, pp. 1428–1429.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Chernov, M.A., Degtyarev, Yu.L., Petrashen', P.V., et al., X-ray Topographic Characterization of Sillenite-Structure Single Crystals, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater., 1986, vol. 22, no.5, pp. 798–800.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Milenov, T.I., Rafailov, P.M., Botev, P.A., and Gospodinov, M.M., X-ray Diffraction Topography Investigation of the Core in Bi12SiO20 Crystals, Mater. Res. Bull., 2002, vol. 37, no.9, pp. 1651–1658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Milenov, T.I., Botev, P.A., Rafailov, P.M., and Gospodinov, M.M., X-ray Diffraction Topography Observations of the Core in Bi12SiO20 Crystal Doped with Mn, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 2004, vol. 106, pp. 148–154.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Tarasova, L.S., Surface Dissolution of Sillenite-and Eulytite-Structure Bismuth Germanate and Silicate Single Crystals, Cand. Sci. (Chem.) Dissertation, Moscow: Kurnakov Inst. of General and Inorganic Chemistry, USSR Acad. Sci., 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Lin, C. and Witt, A.F., Decoration of Dislocations in Bi12SiO20 Crystals by Annealing in a Reducing Atmosphere, J. Cryst. Growth, 1994, vol. 140, pp. 444–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Gavrilov, V.A., Development and Implementation of Optical Techniques for Characterization of Inhomogeneities in Sillenite-Structure Single Crystals, Cand. Sci. (Eng.) Dissertation, Moscow: Moscow Inst. of Steel and Alloys, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Grabmaier, B.C. and Oberschmid, R., Properties of Pure and Doped Bi12GeO20 and Bi12SiO20 Crystals, Phys. Status Solidi A, 1986, vol. 96, pp. 199–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Maida, S., Higuchi, M., and Kodaira, K., Growth of Bi12SiO20 Single Crystals by the Pulling-down Method with Continuous Feeding, J. Cryst. Growth, 1999, vol. 205, no.3, pp. 317–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Lan, C.W., Chen, H.J., and Tsai, C.B., Zone-Melting Czochralski Pulling Growth of Bi12SiO20 Single Crystals, J. Cryst. Growth, 2002, vol. 245, no.1/2, pp. 56–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Egorysheva, A.V., Burkov, V.I., Kargin, Yu.F., et al., Optical Properties of Bi25TlO39 and Bi25GaO39 Single Crystals, Neorg. Mater., 1999, vol. 35, no.7, pp. 840–844 [Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 35, no.7, pp. 709–712].

    Google Scholar 

  141. Burkov, V.I., Gorelik, V.S., Egorysheva, A.V., and Kargin, Yu.F., Laser Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals with the Structure of Sillenite, J. Russ. Laser Res., 2001, vol. 22, no.3, pp. 243–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Burkov, V.I., Egorysheva, A.V., and Kargin, Yu.F., Optical and Chiro-optical Properties of Crystals with Sillenite Structure, Kristallografiya, 2001, vol. 46, no.2, pp. 312–335.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Arizmendi, L., Cabrera, J.M., and Agullo-Lopez, F., Material Properties and Photorefractive Behaviour of BSO Family Crystals, Int. J. Opt., 1992, vol. 7, no.2, pp. 149–180.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Petrov, M.P., Stepanov, S.I., and Khomenko, A.V., Fotorefraktivnye kristally v kogerentnoi optike (Photorefractive Crystals in Coherent Optics), St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kargin, Yu.F. and Skorikov, V.M., Photorefractive Crystals of the Sillenite Structure, Ferroelectrics, 1995, vol. 167, pp. 257–265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Egorysheva, A.V., Burkov, V.I., Kargin, Yu.F., et al., Atomic Structure Features of Sillenite Crystals as Probed by Raman Spectroscopy, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 2005, vol. 50, no.2, pp. 238–245.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Egorysheva, A.V., Absorption Edge of Bi12M x O20±δ Sillenite Crystals (M = Zn, B, Ga, P, V, [Al, P], [Ga, P], [Fe, P], [Zn, V]), Zh. Neorg. Khim., 2005, vol. 50, no.3, pp. 461–466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Egorysheva, A.V., Burkov, V.I., Kargin, Yu.F., and Makhov, V.N., Reflection Spectra of Bi12M x O20±δ (M = Zn, Ga, Fe, [Ga, P], [Fe, P], [Zn, V]) Sillenite Crystals, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 2005, vol. 50, no.7, pp. 1044–1049.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    V. M. Skorikov, Yu. F. Kargin, A. V. Egorysheva & V. V. Volkov

  2. Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzarigradsko ch. 72, Sofia, 1784, Bulgaria

    M. Gospodinov

Authors
  1. V. M. Skorikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu. F. Kargin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. V. Egorysheva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. V. V. Volkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Gospodinov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Skorikov, Kargin, Egorysheva, Volkov, Gospodinov.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Skorikov, V.M., Kargin, Y.F., Egorysheva, A.V. et al. Growth of Sillenite-Structure Single Crystals. Inorg Mater 41 (Suppl 1), S24–S46 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10789-005-0317-4

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10789-005-0317-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation