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Possible Modulatory Effect of Tamarind Seed Coat Extract on Fluoride-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats

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Abstract

Fluorosis (fluoride toxicity) seems to be reduced by plant secondary metabolites. Tamarind seed coat extract (TSCE), a mixture of procyanidins and polyphenols, possesses numerous pharmacological activities. Regardless of its beneficial properties, the underlying molecular mechanism against chronic fluorosis in vivo is not known. Hence, the present study is aimed to investigate the efficacy of TSCE against fluoride (F−)-induced pulmonary toxicity in rats. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and treated with NaF (300 ppm in drinking water) and TSCE (100 mg/kg/bw by oral intubation) alone and in combination daily for 30 days. The results showed that F− exposure-induced modifications in lung injury markers in both serum and BALF were restored by TSCE supplementation. Additionally, F−-induced changes in oxidative stress (NOX4 and p38α MAPK), inflammation (NF-κB, COX-2, and HO-1), apoptosis (Hsp27, Hsp60, caspase3p20, and PARP1), and fibrosis (TGF-β1, psmad3, Col1αl, and hydroxyproline level) markers in the lungs were modulated by TSCE. Thus, TSCE offers protection against F−-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in rats.

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Abbreviations

NaF:

Sodium fluoride

F− :

Fluoride

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TSCE:

Tamarind seed coat extract

BALF:

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

NOX4:

NADPH oxidase 4

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

HSP:

Heat shock protein

HO1:

Heme oxygenase1

Col:

Collagen

PPI:

Protein permeability index

TGFβ1:

Transforming growth factor beta1

PARP1:

Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase1

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Vimal and Mr. Lakshmikanthan for their valuable guidance in animal handling and treatment procedures.

Funding

This work was supported by the University Grants Commission - Major Research Project F. No. 37-94/2009 (SR) and Department of Science and Technology (DST-SERB; F. No. EMR/2014/000600), New Delhi, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 640 046, India

    Jaishabanu Ameeramja & Ekambaram Perumal

Authors
  1. Jaishabanu Ameeramja
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  2. Ekambaram Perumal
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Contributions

JA carried out the experimental procedures while PE helped in experimental design and manuscript preparation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ekambaram Perumal.

Ethics declarations

The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical norms approved by the institutional animal ethical committee (Approval No: 722/02/CPCSEA).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Ameeramja, J., Perumal, E. Possible Modulatory Effect of Tamarind Seed Coat Extract on Fluoride-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats. Inflammation 41, 886–895 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-018-0743-5

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