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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) pollution in soil of a highly industrialized region (Dilovasi) in Turkey: concentrations, spatial and temporal variations and possible sources

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Abstract

In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in soil were studied for a whole year in highly industrialized region of Turkey (Dilovasi) at 23 sampling sites. Σ8PBDE concentrations were between 0.15 and 286 μg kg−1 and the overall average concentration was 14.45 ± 25.07 μg kg−1 (average ± SD). BDE-209 was the most abundant compound. PBDEs concentrations decreased spatially as follows: industrial/urban > urban > suburban > rural. However, there was not any significant seasonal trend except for some industrial/urban sites. In the region, calm weather conditions prevailed during the sampling periods, enhancing the impact of the industrial emissions on nearby soil concentrations by atmospheric deposition without being diluted by winds. All congeners had significant but weak correlations with soil organic matter content indicating the impact of nearby sources rather than soil properties on soil PBDEs concentrations at the sampling sites. Positive matrix factorization method was also used for the apportionment of the PBDEs sources in Dilovasi soil. Industrial activities (i.e., iron-steel production, metallurgical processes, and recycling of plastics), traffic, and residential areas were found to be the primary sources of the measured PBDEs in the soil.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Melek Keleş for her support.

Funding

This study was partly supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) with the project number of 115Y366.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Banu Cetin

  2. Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey

    Sema Yurdakul

  3. Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey

    Mustafa Odabasi

Authors
  1. Banu Cetin
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  2. Sema Yurdakul
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  3. Mustafa Odabasi
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Correspondence to Banu Cetin.

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Cetin, B., Yurdakul, S. & Odabasi, M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) pollution in soil of a highly industrialized region (Dilovasi) in Turkey: concentrations, spatial and temporal variations and possible sources. Environ Monit Assess 191, 474 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7610-1

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