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The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial heterogeneity of alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), China

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Abstract

Understanding the complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the composition of vegetation is very important for developing and implementing strategies for promoting sustainable grassland development. The vegetation–disturbance–environment relationship was examined in degraded alpine grasslands in the headwater areas of three rivers on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in this study. The investigated hypotheses were that (1) the heterogeneity of the vegetation of the alpine grassland is due to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors and that (2) at a small scale, biotic factors are more important for the distribution of alpine vegetation. On this basis, four transects were set along altitudinal gradients from 3,770 to 3,890 m on a sunny slope, and four parallel transects were set along altitudinal gradients on a shady slope in alpine grasslands in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. It was found that biological disturbances were the major forces driving the spatial heterogeneity of the alpine grassland vegetation and abiotic factors were of secondary importance. Heavy grazing and intensive rat activity resulted in increases in unpalatable and poisonous weeds and decreased fine forages in the form of sedges, forbs, and grasses in the vegetation composition. Habitat degradation associated with biological disturbances significantly affected the spatial variation of the alpine grassland vegetation, i.e., more pioneer plants of poisonous or unpalatable weed species, such as Ligularia virgaurea and Euphorbia fischeriana, were found in bare patches. Environmental/abiotic factors were less important than biological disturbances in affecting the spatial distribution of the alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale. It was concluded that rat control and light grazing should be applied first in implementing restoration strategies. The primary vegetation in lightly grazed and less rat-damaged sites should be regarded as a reference for devising vegetation restoration measures in alpine pastoral regions.

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, China (2012BAC01B02) and the Ministry of Environmental Protection, China (201209033).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Environmental School of Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Lu Wen, Shi Kui Dong, Yuan Yuan Li & Lei Zhu

  2. Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA

    Ruth Sherman

  3. Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810003, China

    Jian Jun Shi, Yan Long Wang & Yu Shou Ma

  4. Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China

    De Mei Liu

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  1. Lu Wen
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  2. Shi Kui Dong
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  3. Yuan Yuan Li
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  4. Ruth Sherman
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  5. Jian Jun Shi
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Correspondence to Shi Kui Dong.

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Appendix

Appendix

Abbreviation

Full name of species

Aco gym

Aconitum gymnandrum

Aco pen

Aconitum pendulum

Aco tan

Aconitum tangutcum

Aja ten

Ajania tenuifolia

Aju lup

Ajuga lupulina

All chr

Allium chrysanthum

All cya

Allium cyaneum

Ana lac

Anaphalis lactea

And ala

Androsace pomatosace

And inc

Androsace integra

Ane kan

Anemone kansuensis

Art fri

Artemisia frigida

Art san

Artemisia santolinaefolia

Ast spe1

Astragalus spp.

Ast tat

Aster tataricus

Ast wei

Astragalus weigoldianus

Bra jun

Brassica juncea

Cal pal

Caltha palustris

Car alr

Carex atrofusca

Car bre

Caragana brevifolia

Car car

Chamaesium carvi

Car moo

Carex moorcroftii

Car sab

Carex sabulosa

Car sca

Carex scabrirostris

Cha ang

Chamaenerion angustifolium

Cha par

Chamaesium paradoxum

Che ilj

Chenopodium iljinii

Cle chi

Cleistogenes chinensis

Col lon

Coluria longifolia

Cor cri

Corydalis cristata

Cot rou

Cotoneaster rotundifolius

Cre dis

Cremanthodium discoideum

Cre lin

Cremanthodium lineare

Dau car

Daucus carota

Dau spe1

Daucus spp.

Del cae

Delphinium caeruleum

Des sop

Descurainia sophia

Dra het

Dracocephalum heterophyllum

Dra nem

Draba nemorosa

Els den

Elsholtzia densa

Ely nut

Elymus nutans

Eup fis

Euphorbia fischeriana

Fcs ovi

Festuca ovina

Fcs sin

Festuca sinensis

Gal ver

Galium verum

Gen aqu

Gentiana aquatica

Gen mac

Gentiana macrophylla

Gen pal

Gentianopsis paludosa

Gen sin

Gentiana sino

Gen spa

Gentiana spathulifolia

Ger pyl

Geranium pylzowianum

Gla mar

Glaux maritima

Gue uni

Gueldenstaedtia multiflora

Hel tib

Helictotrichon tibeticum

Hip rha

Hippophae rhamnoides

Iri gin

Iris ginghainica

Kob cap

Kobresia capillifolia

Kob hum

Kobresia humilis

Kob pyg

Kobresia pygmaea

Koe cri

Koeleria cristata

Koe isl

Koenigia islandica

Lag bre

Lagotis brevituba

Lam rot

Lamiophlomis rotata

Lan tib

Lancea tibetica

Leo leo

Leontopodium leontopodi

Leo nan

Leontopodium nanum

Lig vir

Ligularia virgaurea

Lon min

Lonicera minuta

Mec sep1

Meconopsis spp.

Med lup

Medicago lupulina

Mor chi

Morina chinensis

Not inc

Notopterygium incisum

Oxy kan

Oxytropis kansuensis

Oxy och

Oxytropis ochrocephala

Par pal

Parnassia palustris

Par tri

Parnassia trinervis

Ped ala

Pedicularis alaschanica

Ped kan

Pedicularis kansuensis

Ped lon1

Pedicularis longiflora var.

Ped lon2

Pedicularis longiflora

Ped pil

Pedicularis pilostachya

Pla dep

Plantago depressa

Poa ann

Poa annua

Pol sib

Polygonum sibiricum

Pol sph

Polygonum sphaerostachyum

Pol ste

Polygonum stenophyllum

Pol viv

Polygonum viviparum

Pot ans

Potentilla anserina

Pot chi

Potentilla chinensis

Pot fru

Potentilla fruticosa

Pot ser

Potentilla sericea

Prz tan

Przewalskia tangutica

Pti dic

Ptilagrostis dichotoma

Ran hir

Ranunculus hirtellus

Ran lin

Ranunculus lingua

Ran tan

Ranunculus tanguticus

Rhe pum

Rheum pumilum

Rho sim

Rhododendron simsii

Rub cor

Rubia cordifolia

Sal alp

Salix cupularis

Sau gra

Saussurea graminea

Sau hao

Saussurea haon

Sau hao

Saussurea haoi

Sau jap

Saussurea japonica

Sau ste

Saussurea stella

Sau sup

Saussurea superba

Sax atr

Saxifraga atrata

Sax sto

Saxifraga stolonifera

Sci dis

Scirpus distigmaticus

Sci str

Scirpus strobilinus

Scn kas

Senecio kaschkarowii

Sib ang

Sibiraea angustata

Sil rep

Silene repens

Sil ten

Silene tenuis

Sor hoo

Soroseris hookeriana

Spi alp

Spiraea alpina

Ste cha

Stellera chamaejasme

Ste med

Stellaria media

Sti cap

Stipa capillata

Sti kry

Stipa krylovii

Sti pur

Stipa purpurea

Swa sal

Swainsona salsula

Swe bif

Swertia bifalia

Tar mon

Taraxacum monogolicum

Tar spe1

Taraxacum spp.

Tha alp

Thalictrum alpinum

The lan

Thermopsis lanceolata

Tro pum

Trollius pumilus

Ver did

Veronica didyma

Vio phi

Viola philippica

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Wen, L., Dong, S.K., Li, Y.Y. et al. The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial heterogeneity of alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), China. Environ Monit Assess 185, 8051–8064 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3154-y

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