Abstract
The authors aimed to evaluate the web and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) phone service as vehicles in population-based infectious disease surveillance. Fourteen thousand subjects were randomly selected from the Swedish population register and asked to prospectively report all respiratory tract infections, including Influenza-like Illness (ILI—clinical symptoms indicative of influenza but no laboratory confirmation), immediately as they occurred during a 36-week period starting October 2007. Participants were classified as belonging to the web or IVR group based on their choice of technology for initial registration. In all, 1,297 individuals registered via IVR while 2,044 chose the web. The latter were more often young and well-educated than those registered via IVR. Overall, 52% of the participants reported at least one infection episode. The risk of an infectious disease report was 14% (95% CI: 6, 22%) higher in the web group than in the IVR group. For ILI the excess was 27% (95% CI: 11, 47%). After adjustments for socio-demographic factors, statistically non-significant excesses of 1 and 8% remained, indicating trivial differences potentially attributable to the two reporting techniques. With attention to confounding, it should be possible to combine the web and IVR for simple reporting of infectious disease symptoms.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CI:
-
Confidence intervals
- ILI:
-
Influenza-like illness
- IVR:
-
Interactive Voice Response
- NRN:
-
National Registration Numbers
- RR:
-
Relative risk
References
Hitchcock P, Chamberlain A, Van WM, Inglesby TV, O’Toole T. Challenges to global surveillance and response to infectious disease outbreaks of international importance. Biosecur Bioterror. 2007;5(3):206–27.
Zeldenrust ME, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, Postma MJ, van Vliet JA. The value of ProMED-mail for the Early Warning Committee in the Netherlands: more specific approach recommended. Euro Surveill. 2008; 13(6).
Rolfhamre P, Jansson A, Arneborn M, Ekdahl K. SmiNet-2: description of an internet-based surveillance system for communicable diseases in Sweden. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(5):103–7.
Romanowska M, Nowak I, Rybicka K, Brydak LB. The introduction of the SENTINEL influenza surveillance system in Poland–experiences and lessons learned from the first three epidemic seasons. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(8).
Morse SS. Global infectious disease surveillance and health intelligence. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(4):1069–77.
Bean NH, Martin SM. Implementing a network for electronic surveillance reporting from public health reference laboratories: an international perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(5):773–9.
ITU/UNCTAD 2007. World information society report: beyond WSIS. International Telecomunication Union (ITU); 2007. Report No. 3.
Ekman A, Dickman PW, Klint A, Weiderpass E, Litton JE. Feasibility of using web-based questionnaires in large population-based epidemiological studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21(2):103–11.
Cook C. A meta-analysis of response rates in web or internet based surveys. Educ Phychol Meas. 2000;60(6):321–36.
Corkrey R, Parkinson L. Interactive Voice Response: review of studies 1989–2000. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 2002;34(3):342–53.
Tourangeau R, Miller Steiger D, Wilson D. Self-administrated questions by telephone. Public Opin Q. 2002;66:265–78.
Rodriguez HP, von GT, Rogers WH, Chang H, Fanjiang G, Safran DG. Evaluating patients’ experiences with individual physicians: a randomized trial of mail, internet, and Interactive Voice Response telephone administration of surveys. Med Care. 2006;44(2):167–74.
Greene J, Speizer H, Wiitala W. Telephone and web: mixed-mode challenge. Health Serv Res. 2008;43(1 Pt 1):230–48.
Ludvigsson JF, Otterblad-Olausson P, Pettersson BU, Ekbom A. The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(11):659–67.
Link MW, Mokdad AH. Alternative modes for health surveillance surveys: an experiment with web, mail, and telephone. Epidemiology. 2005;16(5):701–4.
Gosling SD, Vazire S, Srivastava S, John OP. Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. Am Psychol. 2004;59(2):93–104.
Roster CR, Albaum G. A comparison of response characteristics from web and telephone surveys. Int J Mark Res. 2004;46(3):359–73.
Tolonen H, Dobson A, Kulathinal S. Effect on trend estimates of the difference between survey respondents and non-respondents: results from 27 populations in the WHO MONICA Project. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20(11):887–98.
Tolonen H, Helakorpi S, Talala K, Helasoja V, Martelin T, Prattala R. 25-year trends and socio-demographic differences in response rates: finnish adult health behaviour survey. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21(6):409–15.
Eaker S, Bergstrom R, Bergstrom A, Adami HO, Nyren O. Response rate to mailed epidemiologic questionnaires: a population-based randomized trial of variations in design and mailing routines. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(1):74–82.
Tourangeau R. Survey research and societal change. Annu Rev Psychol. 2004;55:775–801.
Owen-Smith V, Burgess-Allen J, Lavelle K, Wilding E. Can lifestyle surveys survive a low response rate? Public Health. 2008;122(12):1382–3.
Cohen S, Alper CM, Doyle WJ, Adler N, Treanor JJ, Turner RB. Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychol. 2008;27(2):268–74.
Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Turner RB, Alper CM, Skoner DP. Childhood socioeconomic status and host resistance to infectious illness in adulthood. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(4):553–8.
Olson DR, Heffernan RT, Paladini M, Konty K, Weiss D, Mostashari F. Monitoring the impact of influenza by age: emergency department fever and respiratory complaint surveillance in New York City. PLoS Med. 2007;4(8):e247.
Turbelin C, Pelat C, Boelle PY, Levy-Bruhl D, Carrat F, Blanchon T, et al. Early estimates of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus activity in general practice in France: incidence of influenza-like illness and age distribution of reported cases. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(39).
Friesema IH, Koppeschaar CE, Donker GA, Dijkstra F, van Noort SP, Smallenburg R, et al. Internet-based monitoring of influenza-like illness in the general population: experience of five influenza seasons in the Netherlands. Vaccine. 2009;27(45):6353–7.
Fiore AE, Shay DK, Broder K, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, Mootrey G, et al. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57(RR-7):1–60.
Influenza, strategies for prevention and control. Stockholm: National Board of Health and Welfare; 2007.
Bradburn N. Response effects. New York: Academic Press; 1983.
Jonsson C. The Swedish population’s use of the internet and telephones—an individ survey. Stockholm: Swedish National Post and Telecom Agency; 2008. Report No.: PTS-ER-2008:24.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, and in part by the European Community FP7 Integrated Project 231807 EPIWORK.
Conflicts of interest statement
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bexelius, C., Merk, H., Sandin, S. et al. Interactive Voice Response and web-based questionnaires for population-based infectious disease reporting. Eur J Epidemiol 25, 693–702 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9484-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9484-y