Abstract
Sulfonamides (SAs) are applied widely as feed additives in the farming of livestock and poultry. It can lead to the excretion of large amounts of SAs in manure and result in persistent environmental pollution. We evaluated the fate of four SAs, sulfamerazine (SM1), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), sulfadimoxine (SDM′) and sulfaquinoxaline (SQ), from oral administration to excretion in urine and feces in pigs. The four SAs were added to homemade feed to make them reach the required concentration gradient, which were 0, 50 and 100 mg/kg (low, normal and high concentrations, respectively). In different treatments, excretions of the four SAs were 35.68–86.88 %. With regard to total excretion, the order was SQ > SCP > SM1 > SDM′ for all treatments. The concentration of SAs in the feed had significant effects on the amount of the four SAs excreted every day. The concentration of SAs in feces and in the urine for different treatments was 15.03–26.55 and 14.54–69.22 %, respectively. In each treatment, excretions of SCP, SDM′ and SQ in feces were lower than that in urine. The four SAs remained longer in urine than in feces. Excretions in urine and feces were lower if SAs were administered orally rather than by injection.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Research Institutes and Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution and Treatment (2014ZX0726001) for funding this project. The Special Fund of Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institutes (PM-zx021-201406-035).
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Qiu, J., Zhao, T., Liu, Q. et al. Residual veterinary antibiotics in pig excreta after oral administration of sulfonamides. Environ Geochem Health 38, 549–556 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9740-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9740-x