Abstract
Models of social anxiety and depression in youth have been developed separately, and they contain similar etiological influences. Given the high comorbidity of social anxiety and depression, we examine whether the posited etiological constructs are a correlate of, or a risk factor for, social anxiety and/or depression at the symptom level and the diagnostic level. We find core risk factors of temperament, genetics, and parent psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety) are neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of social anxiety and/or depression. Instead, aspects of children’s relationships with parents and/or peers either mediates (i.e., explains) or moderates (i.e., interacts with) these core risks being related to social anxiety and/or depression. We then examine various parent- and peer-related constructs contained in the separate models of social anxiety and depression (i.e., parent–child attachment, parenting, social skill deficits, peer acceptance and rejection, peer victimization, friendships, and loneliness). Throughout our review, we report evidence for a Cumulative Interpersonal Risk model that incorporates both core risk factors and specific interpersonal risk factors. Most studies fail to consider comorbidity, thus little is known about the specificity of these various constructs to depression and/or social anxiety. However, we identify shared, differential, and cumulative risks, correlates, consequences, and protective factors. We then put forth demonstrated pathways for the development of depression, social anxiety, and their comorbidity. Implications for understanding comorbidity are highlighted throughout, as are theoretical and research directions for developing and refining models of social anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity. Prevention and treatment implications are also noted.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2008). Depression in children and adolescents: Causes, treatment, and prevention. In J. R. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 3–5). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Alfano, C. A., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2006). Cognitive correlates of social phobia among children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 189–201. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9012-9.
Alfano, C. A., Pina, A. A., Villalta, I. K., Beidel, D. C., Ammerman, R. T., & Crosby, L. E. (2009). Mediators and moderators of outcome in the behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 945–953. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181af8216.
Allen, J. P., Insabella, G., Porter, M. R., Smith, F. D., Land, D., & Phillips, N. (2006). A social interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 55–65. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.55.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, E. R., & Hope, D. A. (2008). A review of the tripartite model for understanding the link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 275–287. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.004.
Anderson, E. R., Veed, G. J., Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M., & Hansen, D. J. (2010). An evaluation of the applicability of the tripartite constructs to social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 195–207. doi:10.1080/15374410903532643.
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999a). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57–87. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424.
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Farmer, E. M. Z., Burns, B. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999b). Impaired but undiagnosed. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 129–137. doi:10.1097/00004583-199902000-00011.
Asher, S. R., & Paquette, J. A. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 75–78. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01233.
Aune, T., & Stiles, T. C. (2009). The effects of depression and stressful life events on the development and maintenance of syndromal social anxiety: Sex and age differences. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 501–512. doi:10.1080/15374410902976304.
Avenevoli, S., Knight, E., Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2008). Epidemiology of depression in children and adolescents. In J. R. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 6–32). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. doi:10.2307/1131780.
Bar-Haim, Y., Dan, O., Eshel, Y., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2007). Predicting children’s anxiety from early attachment relationships. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 1061–1068. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.013.
Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Hofler, M., Lieb, R., et al. (2007). Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 903–912. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903.
Beidel, D. C., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2005). Treating childhood social phobia: Social effectiveness therapy for children. In E. D. Hibbs, P. S. Jensen, E. D. Hibbs, & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (2nd ed., pp. 75–96). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2007). Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social anxiety disorder (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1999). Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 643–650. doi:10.1097/00004583-199906000-00010.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Sallee, F. R., Ammerman, R. T., Crosby, L. A., & Pathak, S. (2007a). SET-C versus fluoxetine in the treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1622–1632. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318154bb57.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Young, B. J. (2006). Social effectiveness therapy for children: Five years later. Behavior Therapy, 37, 416–425. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.06.002.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Young, B. J., Ammerman, R. T., Sallee, F. R., & Crosby, L. (2007b). Psychopathology of adolescent social phobia. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 47–54. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9021-1.
Bell-Dolan, D. J., Foster, S. L., & Christopher, J. S. (1995). Girls’ peer relations and internalizing problems: Are socially neglected, rejected, and withdrawn girls at risk? Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 463–473. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2404_10.
Bell-Dolan, D. J., Reaven, N. M., & Peterson, L. (1993). Depression and social functioning: A multidimensional study of linkages. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 306–315. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2203_1.
Benjet, C., Thompson, R. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). 5-HTTLPR moderates the effect of relational peer victimization on depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 173–179. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02149.x.
Biederman, J., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hérot, C., Friedman, D., Snidman, N., et al. (2001). Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1673–1679. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1673.
Biggs, B. K., Nelson, J. M., & Sampilo, M. L. (2010). Peer relations in the anxiety-depression link: Test of a mediation model. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 23, 431–447. doi:10.1080/10615800903406543.
Birmaher, B., Bridge, J. A., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Dahl, R. E., Axelson, D. A., et al. (2004). Psychosocial functioning in youths at high risk to develop major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 839–846. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000128787.88201.1b.
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., et al. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427–1439. doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011.
Blount, T. H., & Epkins, C. C. (2009). Exploring modeling-based hypotheses in preadolescent girls’ and boys’ cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 110–125. doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9195-9.
Bogels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2010). Social anxiety disorder: Questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 168–189. doi:10.1002/da.20670.
Bogels, S. M., van Oosten, A., Muris, P., & Smulders, D. (2001). Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 273–287. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00005-X.
Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Burkowski, W. M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 765–785. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006830.
Borelli, J. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Reciprocal, longitudinal associations among adolescents’ negative feedback-seeking, depressive symptoms, and peer relations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 159–169. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9010-y.
Brady, E., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244–255. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.244.
Branje, S. T., Hale, W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between perceived parent–child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 751–763. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6.
Brendgen, M., Wanner, B., Morin, A. J. S., & Vitaro, F. (2005). Relations with parents and with peers, temperament, and trajectories of depressed mood during early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 579–594. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-6739-2.
Bruder-Costello, B., Warner, V., Talati, A., Nomura, Y., Bruder, G., & Weissman, M. (2007). Temperament among offspring at high and low risk for depression. Psychiatry Research, 153, 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.013.
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother-child attachment and social anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 393–402. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.002.
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010a). Mother–child attachment patterns and different types of anxiety symptoms: Is there specificity of relations? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 663–674. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0195-0.
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010b). Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 177–203. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990344.
Bureau, J., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009). Maternal depressive symptoms in infancy: Unique contribution to children’s depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence? Development and Psychopathology, 21, 519–537. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000285.
Burstein, M., Ginsburg, G. S., & Tein, J. (2010). Parental anxiety and child symptomatology: An examination of additive and interactive effects of parent psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 897–909. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9415-0.
Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79, 1185–1229. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x.
Caron, A., Weiss, B., Harris, V., & Catron, T. (2006). Parenting behavior dimensions and child psychopathology: Specificity, task dependency, and interactive relations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 34–45. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501.
Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2006). Editorial: Anxiety of childhood and adolescence: Challenges and opportunities. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 813–816. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.001.
Cartwright-Hatton, S., Hodges, L., & Porter, J. (2003). Social anxiety in childhood: The relationship with self and observer rated social skills. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 737–742. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00159.
Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 817–833. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.002.
Cartwright-Hatton, S., Tschernitz, N., & Gomersall, H. (2005). Social anxiety in children: Social skills deficit, or cognitive distortion? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 131–141. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.003.
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newman, D. L., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Behavioral observations at age 3 predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1033–1039.
Chansky, T. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1997). Social expectancies and self-perceptions in anxiety-disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 347–363. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00015-7.
Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., Bailey, K., & Stein, M. T. (2004). Comorbidity of generalized social anxiety disorder and depression in a pediatric primary care sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 163–171. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00103-4.
Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., & Malcarne, V. L. (2002). Scrutinizing the relationship between shyness and social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 585–598. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00124-X.
Chorpita, B. F., Plummer, C. M., & Moffitt, C. E. (2000). Relations of tripartite dimensions of emotion to childhood anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 299–310. doi:10.1023/A:1005152505888.
Chronis-Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Perez-Edgar, K., Henderson, H. A., Diaz, Y., et al. (2009). Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predicts lifetime social anxiety disorder in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 928–935. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181ae09df.
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597–600. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007318.
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 16–25. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01979.x.
Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505–521. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.505.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY: Wiley.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1999). Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 399–423). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2008). Temperament: An organizing paradigm for trait psychology. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 265–286). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cobham, V. E., Dadds, M. R., Spence, S. H., & McDermott, B. (2010). Parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety: A different story three years later. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 410–420. doi:10.1080/15374411003691719.
Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., & Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 557–570. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.4.557.
Cole, D. A. (1991). Preliminary support for a competency-based model of depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 181–190. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.181.
Cole, D. A., Martin, J., & Powers, B. (1997). A competency-based model of child depression: A longitudinal study of peer, parent, teacher, and self-evaluations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 505–514. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01537.x.
Cole, D. A., Martin, J., Powers, B., & Truglio, R. (1996). Modeling causal relations between academic and social competence and depression: A multitrait-multimethod longitudinal study of children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 258–270. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.258.
Cole, D. A., Maxwell, M. A., Dukewich, T. L., & Yosick, R. (2010). Targeted peer victimization and the construction of positive and negative self-cognitions: Connections to depressive symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 421–435. doi:10.1080/15374411003691776.
Cole, D. A., Peeke, L. G., Martin, J. M., Truglio, R., & Seroczynski, A. D. (1998). A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 451–460. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.451.
Compas, B. E., Champion, J. E., Forehand, R., Cole, D. A., Reeslund, K. L., Fear, J., et al. (2010). Coping and parenting: Mediators of 12-month outcomes of a family group cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention with families of depressed parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 623–634. doi:10.1037/a0020459.
Compas, B. E., & Hammen, C. L. (1996). Child and adolescent depression: Covariation and comorbidity in development. In R. J. Haggerty, L. R. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 225–267). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Connolly, J., Geller, S., Marton, P., & Kutcher, S. (1992). Peer responses to social interaction with depressed adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 365–370. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2104_6.
Cooper, P. J., Fearn, V., Willetts, L., Seabrook, H., & Parkinson, M. (2006). Affective disorder in the parents of a clinic sample of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 205–212. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.017.
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009). Configurations of common childhood psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 451–459. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02005.x.
Costello, E. J., Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2005). The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 631–648. doi:10.1016/j.chc.205.06.003.
Craske, M. G. (2003). Origins of phobias and anxiety disorders: Why more women than men?. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Crawley, S. A., Beidas, R. S., Benjamin, C. L., Martin, E., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Treating socially phobic youth with CBT: Differential outcomes and treatment considerations. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 379–389. doi:10.1017/S1352465808004542.
Creswell, C., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2007). Family treatment of child anxiety: Outcomes, limitations and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 232–252. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0019-3.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children’s treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367–380. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007148.
Crick, N. R., & Ladd, G. W. (1993). Children’s perceptions of their peer experiences: Attributions, loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance. Developmental Psychology, 29, 244–254. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.244.
Cuevas, C. A., Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2009). Psychiatric diagnosis as a risk marker for victimization in a national sample of children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 636–652. doi:10.1177/088626058317197.
Cummings, C., & Fristad, M. (2008). Mood disorders in childhood. In R. G. Steele, T. D. Elkin, & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based therapies for children and adolescents: Bridging science and practice (pp. 145–160). New York, NY: Springer.
Dallaire, D. H., Pineda, A. Q., Cole, D. A., Ciesla, J. A., Jacquez, F., LaGrange, B., et al. (2006). Relation of positive and negative parenting to children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 313–322. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_15.
Degnan, K. A., Almas, A., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 497–517. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02228.x.
Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2008). Predicting social wariness in middle childhood: The moderating roles of childcare history, maternal personality and maternal behavior. Social Development, 17, 471–487. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00437.x.
Diener, M. L., Isabella, R. A., Behunin, M. G., & Wong, M. S. (2008). Attachment to mothers and fathers during middle childhood: Associations with child gender, grade, and competence. Social Development, 17, 84–101. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00416.
Dill, J. C., & Anderson, C. A. (1999). Loneliness, shyness, and depression: The etiology and interrelationships of everyday problems in living. In T. Joiner & J. C. Coyne (Eds.), The interactional nature of depression (pp. 93–125). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Dougherty, L. R., Bufferd, S. J., Carlson, G. A., Dyson, M., Olino, T. M., Durbin, C. E., et al. (2011). Preschoolers’ observed temperament and psychiatric disorders assessed with a parent diagnostic interview. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 295–306. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.546046.
Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Durbin, C. E., Hayden, E. P., & Olino, T. M. (2010). Temperamental positive and negative emotionality and children’s depressive symptoms: A longitudinal prospective study from age three to age ten. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 462–488. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.4.462.
Ehrenreich, J. T., Goldstein, C. R., Wright, L. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2009a). Development of a unified protocol for the treatment of emotional disorders in youth. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31, 20–37. doi:10.1080/07317100802701228.
Ehrenreich, J. T., Micco, J. A., Fisher, P. H., & Warner, C. (2009b). Assessment of relevant parenting factors in families of clinically anxious children: The Family Assessment Clinician-Rated Interview (FACI). Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 331–342. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0128-y.
Eisen, A. R., Spasaro, S. A., Brien, L. K., Kearney, C. A., & Albano, A. M. (2004). Parental expectancies and childhood anxiety disorders: Psychometric properties of the Parental Expectancies Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 89–109. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2001.10.001.
Eley, T. C., Napolitano, M., Lau, J. Y. F., & Gregory, A. M. (2010). Does childhood anxiety evoke maternal control? A genetically informed study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 772–779. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02227.x.
Eley, T. C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Perrin, S., O’Connor, T. G., & Bolton, D. (2008). A multivariate genetic analysis of specific phobia, separation anxiety and social phobia in early childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 839–848. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9216-x.
Epkins, C. C. (1996). Affective confounding in social anxiety and dysphoria in children: Child, mother, and father reports of internalizing behaviors, social problems, and competence domains. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 15, 449–470.
Epkins, C. C. (1998). Mother- and father-rated competence, child perceived competence, and cognitive distortions: Unique relations with children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 442–451. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_8.
Erath, S. A., Flanagan, K. S., Bierman, K. L., & Tu, K. M. (2010). Friendships moderate psychosocial maladjustment in socially anxious early adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31, 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.05.005.
Essau, C., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (1999). Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 831–843. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00179-X.
Feeny, N. C., Silva, S. G., Reinecke, M. A., McNulty, S., Findling, R. L., Rohde, P., et al. (2009). An exploratory analysis of the impact of family functioning on treatment for depression in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 814–825. doi:10.1080/15374410903297148.
Festa, C. C., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2011). Parental and peer predictors of social anxiety in youth. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 291–306. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0215-8.
Field, A. P., Hamilton, S. J., Knowles, K. A., & Plews, E. L. (2003). Fear information and social phobic beliefs in children: A prospective paradigm and preliminary results. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 113–123. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00050-5.
Fisak, B., & Grills-Taquechel, A. E. (2007). Parental modeling, reinforcement, and information transfer: Risk factors in the development of child anxiety? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 213–231. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0020-x.
Flanagan, K. S., Erath, S. A., & Bierman, K. L. (2008). Unique associations between peer relations and social anxiety in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 759–769. doi:10.1080/15374410802359700.
Flory, V., Vance, A. L. A., Birleson, P., & Luk, E. S. L. (2002). Early onset dysthymic disorder in children and adolescents: Clinical implications and future directions. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7, 79–84. doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00015.
Fontaine, R. G., Yang, C., Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Pettit, G. S., et al. (2009). Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 479–491. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000261.
Fox, N. A. (2010). Factors contributing to the emergence of anxiety among behaviorally inhibited children: The role of attention. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (Vol. 127, pp. 33–49). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Nichols, K. E., & Ghera, M. M. (2005). Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 235–262. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532.
Gazelle, H. (2010). Anxious solitude/withdrawal and anxiety disorders: Conceptualization, co-occurrence, and peer processes leading toward and away from disorder in childhood. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (Vol. 127, pp. 67–78). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis-stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74, 257–278. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00534.
Gazelle, H., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. New directions for child and adolescent development (Vol. 127, pp. 1–16). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gazelle, H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2004). Moving toward and away from the world: Social approach and avoidance trajectories in anxious solitary youth. Child Development, 75, 829–849. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00709.x.
Gazelle, H., Workman, J. O., & Allan, W. (2010). Anxious solitude and clinical disorder in middle childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical approaches to childhood social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9343-z.
Ginsburg, G. S., La Greca, A. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1998). Social anxiety in children with anxiety disorders: Relation with social and emotional functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 175–185. doi:10.1023/A:1022668101048.
Gladstone, G., & Parker, G. (2006). Is behavioral inhibition a risk factor for depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 95, 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.015.
Goodman, S. H. (2007). Depression in mothers. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 107–135. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091401.
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458–490. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458.
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Goodman, S. H., Schwab-Stone, M., Lahey, B. B., Shaffer, D., & Jensen, P. S. (2000). Major depression and dysthymia in children and adolescents: Discriminant validity and differential consequences in a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 761–770. doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00015.
Goodman, S. H., & Tully, E. (2008). Children of depressed mothers: Implications for the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 415–440). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Goodrich, M. M., Epkins, C. C., Hoskinson, C. H., Alfar, N., Heckler, D. R., & Dolph, M. (2008, November). Relations between components of the tripartite model and children’s depression, general anxiety, and social anxiety: Do age and gender moderate? Poster session presented at the 42nd annual convention of the association of behavioral and cognitive therapies, Orlando, FL.
Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 259–267. doi:10.1023/A:1020779000183.
Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2005). Factors influencing the link between social anxiety and peer acceptance: Contributions of social skills and close friendships during middle childhood. Behavior Therapy, 36, 197–205. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80068-1.
Gregory, A. M., & Eley, T. C. (2007). Genetic influences on anxiety in children: What we’ve learned and where we’re heading. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 199–212. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0022-8.
Gullone, E., Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (2006). The role of attachment representation in the relationship between depressive symptomatology and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 271–285. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9034-0.
Gunlicks-Stoessel, M., Mufson, L., Jekal, A., & Turner, J. B. (2010). The impact of perceived interpersonal functioning on treatment for adolescent depression: IPT-A versus treatment as usual in school-based health clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 260–267. doi:10.1037/a0018935.
Hallett, V., Ronald, A., Rijsdijk, F., & Eley, T. C. (2009). Phenotypic and genetic differentiation of anxiety-related behaviors in middle childhood. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 316–324. doi:10.1002/da.20538.
Hankin, B. L. (2009). Development of sex differences in depressive and co-occurring anxious symptoms during adolescence: Descriptive trajectories and potential explanations in a multiwave prospective study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 460–472. doi:10.1080/15374410902976288.
Hankin, B. L., Wetter, E., & Cheely, C. (2008). Sex differences in child and adolescent depression: A developmental psychopathological approach. In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 377–414). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the self-perception profile for children. Denver, CO: University of Denver.
Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441–455.
Hayward, C., Wilson, K. A., Lagle, K., Kraemer, H. C., Killen, J. D., & Taylor, C. B. (2008). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety in adolescents. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 200–206. doi:10.1002/da.20289.
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002.
Heinrichs, N., Rapee, R. M., Alden, L. A., Bogels, S., Hofmann, S. G., Ja Oh, K., et al. (2006). Cultural differences in perceived social norms and social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1187–1197. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.09.006.
Heiser, N. A., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (2003). Shyness: Relationship to social phobia and other psychiatric disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 209–221.
Heiser, N. A., Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Differentiating social phobia from shyness. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 469–476. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.002.
Hill, N. E., Bromell, L., Tyson, D. F., & Flint, R. (2007). Developmental commentary: Ecological perspectives on parental influences during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 367–377.
Hilt, L. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2009). The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. In S. Nolen-Hoeksema & L. M. Hilt (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 111–135). New York, NY: Routledge.
Hipwell, A., Keenan, K., Kasza, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Bean, T. (2008). Reciprocal influences between girls’ conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: A six year prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 663–677. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9206-4.
Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2010). Familial and temperamental risk factors for social anxiety disorder. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. New directions for child and adolescent development (Vol. 127, pp. 51–65). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hirshfeld-Becker, D., Biederman, J., Henin, A., Faraone, S., Davis, S., Harrington, K., et al. (2007). Behavioral inhibition in preschool children at risk is a specific predictor of middle childhood social anxiety: A five-year follow-up. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28, 225–233. doi:10.1097/01.DBP.0000268559.34463.d0.
Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Masek, B., Henin, A., Blakely, L. R., Pollock-Wurman, R. A., & Biederman, J. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for 4- to 7-year-old children with anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 498–510. doi:10.1037/a0019055.
Hirshfeld-Becker, D., Micco, J., Henin, A., Bloomfield, A., Biederman, J., & Rosenbaum, J. (2008). Behavioral inhibition. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 357–367. doi:10.1002/da.20490.
Hoskinson, C. H., Epkins, C. C., Goodrich, M. M., Alfar, N., Heckler, D. R., & Dolph, M. (2008, November). Does effortful control mediate the relations between children’s negative and positive affect and their internalizing symptoms? Poster session presented at the 42nd annual convention of the association of behavioral and cognitive therapies, Orlando, FL.
Hudson, J. L., Doyle, A. M., & Gar, N. (2009). Child and maternal influence on parenting behavior in clinically anxious children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 256–262. doi:10.1080/15374410802698438.
Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2009). Familial and social environments in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. In M. M. Antony & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 173–189). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hughes, A. A., Furr, J. M., Sood, E. D., Barmish, A. J., & Kendall, P. C. (2009). Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in parents of children with anxiety disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 405–419. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0133-1.
Hughes, A. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C) in children with anxiety disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 343–352. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0130-4.
Hummel, R. M., & Gross, A. M. (2001). Socially anxious children: An observational study of parent–child interaction. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 23, 19–41. doi:10.1300/J019v23n03.
Hutcherson, S. T., & Epkins, C. C. (2009). Differentiating parent- and peer-related interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in preadolescent girls. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 875–897. doi:10.1177/0265407509345654.
Inderbitzen, H. M., Walters, K. S., & Bukowski, A. L. (1997). The role of social anxiety in adolescent peer relations: Differences among sociometric status groups and rejected subgroups. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 338–348. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2604_2.
Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M., Anderson, E. R., & Johnson, H. S. (2007). Subjective versus objective behavioral ratings following two analogue tasks: A comparison of socially phobic and non-anxious adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 76–90. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.013.
Johnson, H. S., Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M., & Schapman, A. M. (2005). A comparison between socially anxious and depressive symptomatology in youth: A focus on perceived family environment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 423–442. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.004.
Joiner, T. E., Jr., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2002). The core of loneliness: Lack of pleasurable engagement—more so than painful disconnection—predicts social impairment, depression onset, and recovery from depressive disorders among adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 472–491. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7903_05.
Joiner, T. E., & Lonigan, C. J. (2000). Tripartite model of depression and anxiety in youth psychiatric inpatients: Relations with diagnostic status and future symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 372–382. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP2903_8.
Joormann, J., Eugene, F., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Parental depression: Impact on offspring and mechanisms underlying transmission of risk. In S. Nolen-Hoeksema & L. M. Hilt (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 441–472). New York, NY: Routledge.
Kagan, J. (2008). Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for psychopathology. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 157–179). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004). The relations among depression in fathers, children’s psychopathology, and father-child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 339–360. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.004.
Kaslow, N. J., Broth, M. R., Arnette, N. C., & Collins, M. H. (2009). Family based treatment for adolescent depression. In S. Nolen-Hoeksema & L. M. Hilt (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 531–570). New York, NY: Routledge.
Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2010). Forms of aggression, social-psychological adjustment, and peer victimization in a Japanese sample: The moderating role of positive and negative friendship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 471–484. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9386-1.
Kearney, C. A. (2005). Social anxiety and social phobia in youth: Characteristics, assessment, and psychological treatment. New York, NY: Springer.
Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Gosch, E., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Suveg, C. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 282–297. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.282.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Marikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.
Kessler, R. C., Ruscio, A. M., Shear, K., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2009). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders. In M. M. Antony & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 19–33). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Kessler, R. C., Stang, P., Wittchen, H.-U., Stein, M., & Walters, E. E. (1999). Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 29, 555–567. doi:10.1017/S0033291799008375.
Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2008). The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 115–129. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090847.
Kingery, J. N., Erdley, C. A., Marshall, K. C., Whitaker, K. G., & Reuter, T. R. (2010). Peer experiences of anxious and socially withdrawn youth: An integrative review of the developmental and clinical literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13, 91–128. doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0063-2.
Kistner, J. (2006). Children’s peer acceptance, perceived acceptance, and risk for depression. In T. E. Joiner, J. S. Brown, & J. Kistner (Eds.), The interpersonal, cognitive, and social nature of depression (pp. 1–21). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kistner, J., Balthazor, M., Risi, S., & Burton, C. (1999). Predicting dysphoria in adolescence from actual and perceived peer acceptance in childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 94–104.
Kistner, J. A., David-Ferdon, C. F., Repper, K. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2006). Bias and accuracy of children’s perceptions of peer acceptance: Prospective associations with depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 349–361. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9028-9.
Klomek, A. B., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S., & Gould, M. S. (2008). Peer victimization, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 166–180. doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.2.166.
Knappe, S., Beesdo, K., Fehm, L., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2009a). Associations of familial risk factors with social fears and social phobia: Evidence for the continuum hypothesis in social anxiety disorder? Journal of Neural Transmission, 116, 639–648. doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0118-4.
Knappe, S., Lieb, R., Beesdo, K., Fehm, L., Ping Low, N. C., Gloster, A. T., et al. (2009b). The role of parental psychopathology and family environment for social phobia in the first three decades of life. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 363–370. doi:10.1002/DA.20527.
Kovacs, M., Akiskal, H. S., Gatsonis, C., & Parrone, P. L. (1994). Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder: Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 365–374.
Kovacs, M., Goldston, D., & Gatsonis, C. (1993). Suicidal behaviors and childhood-onset depressive disorders: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 8–20. doi:10.1097/00004583-199301000-00003.
Kovacs, M., Obrosky, S., Gatsonis, C., & Richards, C. (1997). First-episode major depressive and dysthymic disorder in childhood: Clinical and sociodemographic factors in recovery. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 777–784. doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00014.
Krackow, E., & Rudolph, K. D. (2008). Life stress and the accuracy of cognitive appraisals in depressed youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 376–385. doi:10.1080/15374410801955797.
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411–424. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.411.
Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. D. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 645–666. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.645.
La Greca, A. M. (1999). Social anxiety scales for children and adolescents: Manual and instructions for the SASC, SASC-R, SAS-A (adolescents), and parent versions of the scales. Miami, FL: University of Miami, Department of Psychology.
La Greca, A. M., Dandes, S. K., Wick, P., & Shaw, K. (1988). Development of the Social Anxiety Scale for children: Reliability and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 84–91.
La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. doi:10.1023/A:1022684520514.
La Greca, A. M., & Moore Harrison, H. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 49–61. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401.
La Greca, A. M., & Stone, W. L. (1993). Social Anxiety Scale for Children–Revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 17–27.
Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1070–1076. doi:10.1097/00004583-199211000-00012.
Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 726–730. doi:10.1097/00005053-198712000-00004.
Lau, J. Y. F., & Eley, T. C. (2008). New behavioral genetic approaches to depression in childhood and adolescence. In J. R. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 124–148). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Lau, J. Y. F., & Eley, T. C. (2009). The genetics of adolescent depression. In S. Nolen-Hoeksema & L. M. Hilt (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 259–277). New York, NY: Routledge.
Lau, J. Y. F., & Eley, T. C. (2010). The genetics of mood disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 313–337. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131308.
Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 221–229.
Lee, A., & Hankin, B. L. (2009). Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 219–231. doi:10.1080/15374410802698396.
Lee, A., Hankin, B. L., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2010). Perceived social competence, negative social interactions, and negative cognitive style predict depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 603–615. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.501284.
Lester, K. J., Field, A. P., Oliver, S., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2009). Do anxious parents interpretive biases towards threat extend into their child’s environment? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 170–174. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.11.005.
Lewinsohn, P. M. (1974). A behavioral approach to depression. In R. M. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 157–185). New York, NY: Wiley.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Seeley, J. R. (1997). Depression-related psychosocial variables: Are they specific to depression in adolescents? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 365–375. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.365.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1998). Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 765–794. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00010-5.
Liber, J. M., van Widenfelt, B. M., Goedhart, A. W., Utens, E. M., van der Leeden, A. J. M., Markus, M. T., et al. (2008). Parenting and parental anxiety and depression as predictors of treatment outcome for childhood anxiety disorders: Has the role of fathers been underestimated? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 747–758. doi:10.1080/15374410802359692.
Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859–866. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859.
Liu, Y. (2008). An examination of three models of the relationships between parental attachments and adolescents’ social functioning and depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 941–952. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9147-1.
Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., & Hooe, E. S. (2003). Relations of positive and negative affectivity to anxiety and depression in children: Evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 465–481. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.465.
Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. W., Phillips, B. M., & Hazen, R. A. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat—relevant stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 8–20. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_2.
McLeod, B., Weisz, J., & Wood, J. (2007a). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001.
McLeod, B., Wood, J., & Weisz, J. (2007b). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002.
Merikangas, K. R., Prusoff, B. A., & Weissman, M. M. (1988). Parental concordance for affective disorders: Psychopathology in offspring. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 279–290. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(88)90025-0.
Micco, J. A., Henin, A., Mick, E., Kim, S., Hopkins, C. A., Biederman, J., et al. (2009). Anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring at high risk for anxiety: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1158–1164. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.021.
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377–412. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377.
Morgan, J., & Banerjee, R. (2006). Social anxiety and self-evaluation of social performance in a nonclinical sample of children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 292–301. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_13.
Morrow, M. T., Hubbard, J. A., Rubin, R. M., & McAuliffe, M. D. (2008). The relation between childhood aggression and depressive symptoms: The unique and joint mediating roles of peer rejection and peer victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 54, 316–340. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0000.
Mufson, L. (2010). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A): Extending the reach from academic to community settings. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15, 66–72. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00556.x.
Mufson, L., Dorta, K. P., Moreau, D., & Weissman, M. M. (2004). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Muris, P., Bos, A. E. R., Mayer, B., Verkade, R., Thewissen, V., & Dell’Avvento, V. (2009). Relations among behavioral inhibition, big five personality factors, and anxiety disorder symptoms in non-clinical children. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 525–529. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.003.
Muris, P., de Jong, P. J., & Engelen, S. (2004). Relationships between neuroticism, attentional control, and anxiety disorders symptoms in non–clinical children. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 789–797. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.007.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Rompelberg, L. (2007). Attention control in middle childhood: Relations to psychopathological symptoms and threat perception distortions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 997–1010. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.010.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Schmidt, H., Gadet, B., & Bogie, N. (2001). Anxiety and depression as correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1051–1061. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00081-4.
Muris, P., & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 271–289. doi:10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y.
Muris, P., van Zwol, L., Huijding, J., & Mayer, B. (2010). Mom told me scary things about this animal: Parents installing fear beliefs in their children via the verbal information pathway. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 341–346. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.001.
Nangle, D. W., Erdley, C. A., Newman, J. E., Mason, C. A., & Carpenter, E. M. (2003). Popularity, friendship quantity, and friendship quality: Interactive influences on children’s loneliness and depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 546–555. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3204_7.
Naragon-Gainey, K., Watson, D., & Markon, K. E. (2009). Differential relations of depression and social anxiety symptoms to the facets of extraversion/positive emotionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 299–310. doi:10.1037/a0015637.
Newcomb, A. F., Bukowski, W. M., & Pattee, L. (1993). Children’s peer relations: A meta-analytic review of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average sociometric status. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 99–128. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.99.
Nigg, J. (2006). Temperament and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 395–422. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01612.x.
Nolan, S., Flynn, C., & Garber, J. (2003). Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 745–755. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745.
Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Dyson, M. W., Rose, S. A., & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Temperamental emotionality in preschool-aged children and depressive disorders in parents: Associations in a large community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 468–478. doi:10.1037/a0020112.
Ollendick, T. H., Costa, N. M., & Benoit, K. E. (2010). Interpersonal processes and the anxiety disorders of childhood. In J. G. Beck (Ed.), Interpersonal processes in the anxiety disorders: Implications for understanding psychopathology and treatment (pp. 71–95). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12084-003.
Ollendick, T. H., Jarrett, M. A., Grills-Taquechel, A. E., Hovey, L. D., & Wolff, J. C. (2008). Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1447–1471. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.003.
Oppenheimer, C. W., & Hankin, B. L. (2011). Relationship quality and depressive symptoms among adolescents: A short-term multiwave investigation of longitudinal, reciprocal relations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 486–493. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.563462.
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611–621. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611.
Pedersen, S., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., & Borge, A. I. H. (2007). The timing of middle-childhood peer rejection and friendship: Linking early behavior to early-adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 78, 1037–1051. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01051.x.
Perren, S., & Alsaker, F. D. (2009). Depressive symptoms from kindergarten to early school age: Longitudinal associations with social skills deficits and peer victimization. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3, 28–38. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-28.
Pettit, J. W., Olino, T. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008). Intergenerational transmission of internalizing problems: Effects of parental and grandparental major depressive disorder on child behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 640–650. doi:10.1080/15374410802148129.
Prinstein, M. J., & Aikins, J. W. (2004). Cognitive moderators of the longitudinal association between peer rejection and adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 147–158. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000019767.55592.63.
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 479–491. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_05.
Prinstein, M. J., Borelli, J. L., Cheah, C. S. L., Simon, V. A., & Aikins, J. W. (2005). Adolescent girls’ interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 676–688. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.676.
Prinstein, M. J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.). (2008). Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2002). Peer crowd affiliation and internalizing distress in childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal follow-back study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 325–351. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00036.
Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Pelkonen, M., & Marttunen, M. (2009a). Associations between peer victimization, self-reported depression and social phobia among adolescents: The role of comorbidity. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 77–93. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.11.005.
Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rantanen, P., & Marttunen, M. (2009b). Social phobia in Finnish general adolescent population: Prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 528–536. doi:10.1002/da.20422.
Rao, P. A., Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Ammerman, R. T., Crosby, L., & Sallee, F. R. (2007). Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Descriptive psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1181–1191. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.015.
Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 47–67. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(96)00040-2.
Rapee, R. M. (2002). The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: Prevention of a lifetime of anxiety? Biological Psychiatry, 52, 947–957. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01572-X.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756. doi:10.1016/S0005-967(97)00022-3.
Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 311–341. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628.
Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 737–767. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004.
Reeb, B. T., & Conger, K. J. (2009). The unique effect of paternal depressive symptoms on adolescent functioning: Associations with gender and father-adolescent relationship closeness. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 758–761. doi:10.1037/a0016354.
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 244–252. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009.
Rice, F., Harold, G., Shelton, K., & Thapar, A. (2006). Family conflict interacts with genetic liability in predicting childhood and adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 841–848. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000219834.08602.44.
Romero, L. E., & Epkins, C. C. (2008). Girls’ cognitions of hypothetical friends: Are they related to depression, loneliness, social anxiety and perceived similarity? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25, 311–332. doi:10.1177/0265407507087961.
Rork, K. E., & Morris, T. L. (2009). Influence of parenting factors on childhood social anxiety: Direct observation of parental warmth and control. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31, 220–235. doi:10.1080/07317100903099274.
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98–131. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 99–166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K., & Hastings, P. (2002). Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73, 483–495. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00419.
Rubin, K. H., & Coplan, R. J. (2004). Paying attention to and not neglecting social withdrawal and social isolation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 506–534. doi:10.1353/mpq.2004.0036.
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642.
Rubin, K. H., Dwyer, K. M., Booth-LaForce, C., Kim, A. H., Burgess, K. B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004). Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 326–356. doi:10.1177.0272431604268530.
Rubin, K., Fredstrom, B., & Bowker, J. (2008). Future directions in friendship in childhood and early adolescence. Social Development, 17, 1085–1096. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00445.x.
Rubin, K. H., Nelson, L. J., Hastings, P., & Asendorpf, J. (1999). The transaction between parents’ perceptions of their children’s shyness and their parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 937–958. doi:10.1080/016502599383612.
Rubin, K. H., Root, A. K., & Bowker, J. (2010). Parents, peers, and social withdrawal in childhood: A relationship perspective. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Social anxiety in childhood: Bridging developmental and clinical perspectives. New directions for child and adolescent development (Vol. 127, pp. 79–94). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rudolph, K. D., & Clark, A. G. (2001). Conceptions of relationships in children with depressive and aggressive symptoms: Social-cognitive distortion or reality? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 41–56. doi:10.1023/A.1005299429060.
Rudolph, K. D., Flynn, M., & Abaied, J. L. (2008). A developmental perspective on interpersonal theories of youth depression. In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 79–102). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Rudolph, K. D., Ladd, G., & Dinella, L. (2007). Gender differences in the interpersonal consequences of early-onset depressive symptoms. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 461–488. doi:10.1353/mpq.2007.0020.
Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 15–28. doi:10.1017/S0033291707001699.
Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 8, 324–338.
Rutter, M., Kim-Cohen, J., & Maughan, B. (2006a). Continuities and discontinuities in psychopathology between childhood and adult life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 276–295. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01614.x.
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Capsi, A. (2006b). Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 226–261. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01557.x.
Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Dialectical processes in developmental psychopathology. In A. J. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 23–40). New York, NY: Kluwer/Plenum.
Schmidt, M. E., & Bagwell, C. L. (2007). The protective role of friendships in overtly and relationally victimized boys and girls. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 439–460. doi:10.1353/mpq.2007.0021.
Segrin, C. (2000). Social skills deficits associated with depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 379–403. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00104-4.
Seligman, L. D., & Ollendick, T. H. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: An integrative review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 125–144.
Sentse, M., Lindenberg, S., Omvlee, A., Ormel, J., & Veenstra, R. (2010). Rejection and acceptance across contexts: Parents and peers as risks and buffers for early adolescent psychopathology. The TRAILS study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 119–130. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9351-z.
Shanahan, L., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2008). Specificity of putative psychosocial risk factors for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 34–42. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01822.x.
Sheeber, L. B., Davis, B., Leve, C., Hops, H., & Tildesley, E. (2007). Adolescents’ relationships with their mothers and fathers: Associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 144–154. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.144.
Sheeber, L., Hops, H., Alpert, A., Davis, B., & Andrews, J. (1997). Family support and conflict: Prospective relations to adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 333–344. doi:10.1023/A:1025768504415.
Siegel, R. S., La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2009). Peer victimization and social anxiety in adolescents: Prospective and reciprocal relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1096–1109. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9392-1.
Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., Jaccard, J., & Pina, A. A. (2009). Directionality of change in youth anxiety treatment involving parents: An initial examination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 474–485. doi:10.1037/a0015761.
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. (1999). Social skills, social outcomes, and cognitive features of childhood social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 211–221. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.2.211.
Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Differentiating interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in adolescence: Implications for models of comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 337–349. doi:10.1080/15374410801955854.
Stednitz, J. N., & Epkins, C. C. (2006). Girls’ and mothers’ social anxiety, social skills, and loneliness: Associations after accounting for depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 148–154. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501.
Stein, M. B., Chavira, D. A., & Jang, K. L. (2001). Bringing up bashful baby: Developmental pathways to social phobia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 661–675.
Stice, E., Ragan, J., & Randall, P. (2004). Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 155–159. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.155.
Storch, E. A., Brassard, M. R., & Masia-Warner, C. L. (2003a). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence. Child Study Journal, 33, 1–18.
Storch, E. A., Eisenberg, P. S., Roberti, J. W., & Barlas, M. E. (2003b). Reliability and validity of the Social Anxiety Scale for children-revised for Hispanic children. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25, 410–422. doi:10.1177/0739986303256915.
Storch, E. A., & Ledley, D. (2005). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment in children: Current knowledge and future directions. Clinical Pediatrics, 44, 29–38. doi:10.1177/000992280504400103.
Storch, E. A., Masia-Warner, C., Crisp, H., & Klein, R. G. (2005). Peer victimization and social anxiety in adolescence: A prospective study. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 437–452. doi:10.1002/ab.20093.
Storch, E. A., Phil, M., Nock, M. K., Masia-Warner, C., & Barlas, M. E. (2003c). Peer victimization and social-psychological adjustment in Hispanic and African American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 439–452. doi:10.1023/A:1026016124091.
Strauss, C. C., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P., Frame, C. L., & Hynd, G. W. (1988). Peer social status of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 137–141. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.1.137.
Sweeting, H., Young, R., West, P., & Der, G. (2006). Peer victimization and depression in early-mid adolescence: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 577–594. doi:10.1348/000709905X49890.
Tackett, J. L. (2006). Evaluating models of the personality-psychopathology relationship in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 584–599. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.003.
Thapar, A., Harold, G., Rice, F., Langley, K., & O’Donovan, M. (2007). The contribution of gene-environment interaction to psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 989–1004. doi:10.1017/S0954579407000491.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Roberson-Nay, R., & Tervo, K. (2003). Parenting behaviors in parents with anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 541–554. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00028-1.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Townsley, R. M. (1990). Social phobia: Relationship to shyness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 497–505. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90136-7.
van Brakel, A. M. L., Muris, P., Bogels, S. M., & Thomassen, C. (2006). A multifactorial model for the etiology of anxiety in non-clinical adolescents: Main and interactive effects of behavioral inhibition, attachment and parental rearing. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 569–579. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9061-x.
van der Bruggen, C. O., Bögels, S. M., & van Zeilst, N. (2010). What influences parental controlling behaviour? The role of parent and child trait anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 141–149. doi:10.1080/02699930802618843.
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A marginal structural model analysis for loneliness: Implications for intervention trials and clinical practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 225–235. doi:10.1037/a0022610.
Verduin, T. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Peer perceptions and liking of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 459–469. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9192-6.
Vernberg, E. M., Abwender, D. A., Ewell, K. K., & Beery, S. H. (1992). Social anxiety and peer relationships in early adolescence: A prospective analysis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 189–196. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2102_11.
Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M. W., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2009). Temperament and risk of depressive symptoms in adolescence: Mediation by rumination and moderation by effortful control. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 349–361. doi:10.1017/s10802-008-9293-x.
Viana, A. G., Rabian, B., & Beidel, D. C. (2008). Self-report measures in the study of comorbidity in children and adolescents with social phobia: Research and clinical utility. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 781–792. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.005.
Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637–644. doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014.
Watson, D., Gamez, W., & Simms, L. J. (2005). Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 46–66. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.006.
Watson, D., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 839–848. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.002.
Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Merikangas, K. R., Bruder, G. E., et al. (2004). Offspring at high risk for anxiety and depression: Preliminary findings from a three-generation study. In J. M. Gorman (Ed.), Fear and anxiety: The benefits of translational research (pp. 65–83). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Warner, V., Pilowsky, D., & Verdeli, H. (2006). Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1001–1008. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org.
Wetter, E. K., & Hankin, B. L. (2009). Mediational pathways through which positive and negative emotionality contribute to anhedonic symptoms of depression: A prospective study of adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 507–520. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9299-z.
Wierzbicki, M., & McCabe, M. (1988). Social skills and subsequent depressive symptomatology in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 203–208.
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers’ parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007.
Wittchen, H.-U., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: Prevalence, risk factors, and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 29, 309–323. doi:10.1017/S0033291798008174.
Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Piacentini, J. C., & Sigman, M. (2009). One-year follow-up of family versus child CBT for anxiety disorders: Exploring the roles of child age and parental intrusiveness. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 301–316. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0127-z.
Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical, findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00106.
Woods, S., Done, J., & Kalsi, H. (2009). Peer victimization and internalizing difficulties: The moderating role of friendship quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 293–308. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.005.
Young, J. F., Gallop, R., & Mufson, L. (2009). Mother-child conflict and its moderating effects on depression outcomes in a preventive intervention for adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 696–704. doi:10.1080/15374410903103577.
Young, J. F., Mufson, L., & Davies, M. (2006). Impact of comorbid anxiety in an effectiveness study of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 904–912. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222791.23927.5f.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Marceau, K. (2008). Disorders of childhood and adolescence: Gender and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 275–303. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Hunter, T., & Pronk, R. (2007). A model of behaviors, peer relations and depression: Perceived social acceptance as a mediator and the divergence of perceptions. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 26, 273–302. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.3.273.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Epkins, C.C., Heckler, D.R. Integrating Etiological Models of Social Anxiety and Depression in Youth: Evidence for a Cumulative Interpersonal Risk Model. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 14, 329–376 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8