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Protein carbonylation in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract

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Abstract

Cigarette smoke is a well-established exogenous risk factor containing toxic reactive molecules able to induce oxidative stress, which in turn contributes to smoking-related diseases, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oral cavity diseases. We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract on human bronchial epithelial cells. Cells were exposed to various concentrations (2.5–5–10–20%) of cigarette smoke extract for 1, 3, and 24 h. Carbonylation was assessed by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine using both immunocytochemical and Western immunoblotting assays. Cigarette smoke induced increasing protein carbonylation in a concentration-dependent manner. The main carbonylated proteins were identified by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis and database search (redox proteomics). We demonstrated that exposure of bronchial cells to cigarette smoke extract induces carbonylation of a large number of proteins distributed throughout the cell. Proteins undergoing carbonylation are involved in primary metabolic processes, such as protein and lipid metabolism and metabolite and energy production as well as in fundamental cellular processes, such as cell cycle and chromosome segregation, thus confirming that reactive carbonyl species contained in cigarette smoke markedly alter cell homeostasis and functions.

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Abbreviations

2D-GE:

2D-gel electrophoresis

Dinitrophenyl-KLH:

Keyhole limpet haemocyanin conjugate

DNPH:

Dinitrophenylhydrazine

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

ECL:

Enhanced chemiluminescence

HMW:

High molecular weight

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

MALDI-TOF:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight

MS:

Mass spectrometry

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the “Piano di Sostegno alla Ricerca 2016—Linea 2” (Università degli Studi di Milano).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy

    Graziano Colombo, Maria Lisa Garavaglia, Emanuela Astori, Aldo Milzani & Isabella Dalle-Donne

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Daniela Giustarini & Ranieri Rossi

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  1. Graziano Colombo
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  2. Maria Lisa Garavaglia
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  3. Emanuela Astori
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  7. Isabella Dalle-Donne
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Correspondence to Graziano Colombo.

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Colombo, G., Garavaglia, M.L., Astori, E. et al. Protein carbonylation in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Cell Biol Toxicol 35, 345–360 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-019-09460-0

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