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Beyond tradition and convention: benefits of non-traditional model organisms in cancer research

  • Non-Thematics Review
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Abstract

Traditional laboratory model organisms are indispensable for cancer research and have provided insight into numerous mechanisms that contribute to cancer development and progression in humans. However, these models do have some limitations, most notably related to successful drug translation, because traditional model organisms are often short-lived, small-bodied, genetically homogeneous, often immunocompromised, are not exposed to natural environments shared with humans, and usually do not develop cancer spontaneously. We propose that assimilating information from a variety of long-lived, large, genetically diverse, and immunocompetent species that live in natural environments and do develop cancer spontaneously (or do not develop cancer at all) will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of human cancers. These non-traditional model organisms can also serve as sentinels for environmental risk factors that contribute to human cancers. Ultimately, expanding the range of animal models that can be used to study cancer will lead to improved insights into cancer development, progression and metastasis, tumor microenvironment, as well as improved therapies and diagnostics, and will consequently reduce the negative impacts of the wide variety of cancers afflicting humans overall.

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Acknowledgments

We apologize to authors whose work was not cited due to space limitations. We would like to acknowledge the Cornell Comparative Cancer Biology Training Program (CCBTP) for the support of our comparative studies.

Funding

This study received restricted funding to GRVdW for support of the comparative studies.

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  1. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Rebecca M. Harman, Sanjna P. Das, Arianna P. Bartlett, Gat Rauner, Leanne R. Donahue & Gerlinde R. Van de Walle

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  1. Rebecca M. Harman
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  2. Sanjna P. Das
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Contributions

RMH: conception and design and manuscript writing; SPD: conception and design and manuscript writing; APB: manuscript writing; GR: data generation for Fig. 1; LRD: manuscript writing; GRVdW: conception and design, editing, and approval of the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gerlinde R. Van de Walle.

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Harman, R.M., Das, S.P., Bartlett, A.P. et al. Beyond tradition and convention: benefits of non-traditional model organisms in cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 40, 47–69 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-020-09930-6

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