Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the misclassification of cause of death for breast cancer cases, and to evaluate the differential misclassification between cases detected in an organized screening program and cases found in current clinical practice.
Methods
All deaths occurring between 1999 and 2002 within breast cancer cases were linked to hospital discharge records. Death certificates and latest available hospital discharge notes were classified into various categories. We created a classification algorithm defining which combinations of categories (of death certificates and hospital discharge notes) suggested the probability of misclassification and the need for an in-depth diagnostic review. Questionable cases were reviewed by a team of experts in order to reach a consensus on cause of death. Based on our algorithmic classification and diagnostic review results, the agreement between original cause of death and that resulting from the assessment process was analyzed stratifying for every variable of interest.
Results
According to death certificates, breast cancer was the cause of death in 66.9% of subjects, and after assessment this figure changed to 65.7%. The misclassification rate was 4.3% and did not differ significantly between screen-detected (4.7%) and non-screen-detected (4.3%) cases. Higher misclassification rates in favor of false positivity (cause of death wrongly attributed to breast cancer in death certificates) was observed for subjects with multiple cancers (6.5% vs. 1.9%), with no admission in the year before death (4.6% vs. 2.4%) and with an unknown cancer stage (4.9% vs 2.4% or 2.3%).
Conclusions
The cause of death misclassification rate is modest, causing a slight overestimate of deaths attributed to breast cancer, and is not affected by modality of diagnosis. The study confirmed the validity of using cause-specific mortality for service screening evaluation.
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Acknowledgments
This study was in part supported by research grants from the Italian League against Cancer (Rome) and the Italian Ministry of Health.
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For the members of the working group, see Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
IMPACT working group
E. Paci, P. Falini, D. Puliti, I. Esposito, M. Zappa, E. Crocetti, Clinical and Descriptive Epidemiology Unit – ISPO – Cancer Prevention and Research Institute.
C. Naldoni, A.C. Finarelli, P. Sassoli de’ Bianchi, Screening Programme – Emilia-Romagna Region Health Department; Bologna.
S. Ferretti, Ferrara Cancer Registry; Ferrara.
G.P. Baraldi, Breast Cancer Screening Programme; Ferrara.
M. Federico, C. Cirilli, Modena Cancer Registry; Modena.
R. Negri, ASL Modena; Modena.
V. De Lisi, P. Sgargi, Parma Cancer Registry; Parma.
A. Traina, M. Zarcone, Department of Oncology ARNAS Ascoli; Palermo.
A. Cattani, N. Borciani, ASL Reggio Emilia; Reggio Emilia.
L. Mangone, Reggio Emilia Cancer Registry; Reggio Emilia.
F. Falcini, A. Ravaioli, R. Vattiato, A. Colamartini, Romagna Cancer Registry; Forli.
M. Serafini, B. Vitali, P. Bravetti, ASL Ravenna; Ravenna.
F. Desiderio, D. Canuti, C. Fabbri, ASL Rimini; Rimini.
C. Imolesi, M. Palazzi, Bertozzi,ASL Cesena; Cesena.
N. Collina, P. Baldazzi, M. Manfredi, V. Perlangeli, C. Petrucci, G. Saguatti, AUSL Bologna; Bologna.
N. Segnan, A. Ponti, G. Del Mastro, C. Senore, A. Frigerio, S. Pitarella, CPO Piemonte; Torino.
S. Patriarca, R. Zanetti, Piemonte Cancer Registry; Torino.
M. Vettorazzi, M. Zorzi, Istituto Oncologico Veneto; Padova.
A. Molino, A. Mercanti, Università di Verona; Verona.
R. Mariotto, Azienda ULSS Verona; Verona.
R. Tumino, A. Sigona, Cancer Registry and Pathology; Ragusa.
G. La Perna, C. Iacono, oncoibla-u.o.Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Ragusa; Ragusa.
F. Stracci, F. La Rosa Registro Tumori Umbro; Perugia.
M. Petrella, I. Fusco Moffa, Epidemiology Unit ASL2; Perugia.
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Goldoni, C.A., Bonora, K., Ciatto, S. et al. Misclassification of breast cancer as cause of death in a service screening area. Cancer Causes Control 20, 533–538 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9261-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9261-3