Skip to main content
Log in

Corporate Personhood and the Corporate Responsibility to Race

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Often overlooked in studies of the corporation is the recognition that the modern corporate form and its power are rooted in the issue of race, and more specifically, in racial oppression. The racialized roots of the corporation become exposed when we acknowledge the significance of slavery and the Fourteenth Amendment to the evolution of the corporate form along with the discriminatory role corporations have traditionally played in shaping race relations in the U.S. This article draws upon several theoretical perspectives, primarily critical race theory, management theory, legal studies, diversity management, and corporate social responsibility to introduce the corporate responsibility to race concept and establish it as a new basis for understanding why corporate persons have a responsibility for improving race relations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aljalian, N. (1999). The Fourteenth Amendment and personhood: Fact or fiction. St. John’s Law Review, 73(2), 495–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, B. J. (2011). Difference matters: Communicating social identity. Long Grove: Waveland Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashman, I., & Winstanley, D. (2007). For or against corporate identity? Personification and the problem of moral agency. Journal of Business Ethics, 76(1), 83–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azmat, F., & Rentschler, R. (2017). Gender and ethnic diversity on boards and corporate responsibility: The case of the arts sector. Journal of Business Ethics, 141(2), 317336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barney, J. B., Ketchen, D. J. Jr., & Wright, M. (2011). The future of resource-based theory: Revitalization or decline. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1299–1315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baucom, I. (2005). Specters of the Atlantic: Finance capital, slavery, and the philosophy of history. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. A. Jr. (1995). Racial realism. In K. Crenshaw, N. Gotanda, G. Peller & K. Thomas (Eds.), Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement (pp. 302–312). New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben, & Jerry’s. (2016). Why black lives matter. Retrieved from http://www.benjerry.com/whats-new/2016/why-black-lives-matter. Retrieved 15 Jan 2017.

  • Biondi, M. (2003). The rise of the reparations movement. Radical History Review, 87, 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black Lives Matter. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/. Retrieved 15 Jan 2017.

  • Blackmon, D. A. (2008). Slavery by another name: The Re-enslavement of black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cable, S., & Mix, T. L. (2003). Economic imperatives and race relations: The rise and fall of the American apartheid system. Journal of Black Studies, 34(2), 183–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, A. (2015). The inside story of Starbucks’s Race Together campaign, no foam. Fast Company. Retrieved from http://www.fastcompany.com/3046890/the-inside-story-of-starbuckss-racetogether-campaign-no-foam. Retrieved 13 Jan 2015.

  • Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business and Society, 38(3), 268–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational Dynamics, 44(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2015.02.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, C. W. (1912). The Fourteenth amendment and the states. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, B. (2003). The denial of slavery in management studies. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), 1895–1918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1926). The historic background of corporate legal personality. Yale Law Journal, 35(6), 655–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donnella, L. (2016). Does it matter when a white CEO says ‘black lives matter’? NPR. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/11/10/499633977/does-it-matter-when-a-white-ceo-says-black-lives-matter. Retrieved 20 Jan 2017.

  • Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sanford (1857). 60 U.S. 393.

  • Dunaway, W. A. (2003). Slavery in the American mountain south. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eilbirt, H., & Parket, I. R. (1973). The current status of corporate social responsibility. Business Horizons, 16, 5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkington, J. (1999). Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of the 21st century business. Oxford: Capstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, J. (2016). AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson addresses the Racial Tension in American Society. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThO74-oFt_Q&t=204s. Retrieved 20 Jan 2017.

  • Foner, P. S., & Lewis, R. L. (Eds.). (1989). Black workers: A documentary history from colonial times to the present, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, B. (2016). Watch AT&T’s CEO give a forceful defense of Black Lives Matter. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/09/30/watch-atts-ceo-give-a-forceful-defense-of-black-lives-matter/?utm_term=.5ed8fbaa0f9f. Retrieved 20 Jan 2017.

  • Gilbert, J. A., Stead, B. A., & Ivancevich, J. M. (1999). Diversity management: A new organizational paradigm. Journal of Business Ethics, 21, 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gindis, D. (2016). Legal personhood and the firm: Avoiding anthropomorphism and equivocation. Journal of Institutional Economics, 12(3), 499–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, H. J. (1968). Everyman’s constitution: Historical essays on the Fourteenth Amendment, the ‘conspiracy theory’, and American constitutionalism. Madison, WI: Madison State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, K. (2001). Competing conceptions of corporate personhood. Stanford Agora: An online journal of legal perspectives, 2(1). Retrieved from http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/libArticles2/agora2v1.pdf. Retrieved 12 Dec 2015.

  • Harris, C. (1995). Whiteness as property. In K. Crenshaw, N. Gotanda, G. Peller & K. Thomas (Eds.), Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement (pp. 276–291). New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasian, M. Jr. (1994). Critical legal rhetorics: The theory and practice of law in a postmodern world. The Southern Communication Journal, 60(1), 44–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, M. J. (1985). Santa Clara revisited: The development of corporate theory. West Virginia Law Review, 88, 193–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, C. I. (2012). Addressing corporate ties to slavery: Corporate apologia in a discourse of reconciliation. Communication Studies, 63(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.627974.’

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judge, M. (2016). AT&T CEO Delivers rousing speech on racial tension in American society.The Root. Retrieved from: https://www.theroot.com/at-t-ceo-delivers-rousing-speech-on-racial-tension-in-a-1790857039.

  • Kelly, E., & Dobbin, F. (1998). How affirmative action became diversity management: Employer response to antidiscrimination law, 1961 to 1996. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(7), 960–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764298041007008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolakowski, L. (2005). Main currents of Marxism: The founders; the golden age; the breakdown. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köllen, T. (2016). Acting out of compassion, egoism, and malice: A Schopenhauerian view on the moral worth of CSR and diversity management practices. Journal of Business Ethics, 138(2), 215–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kornweibel, T. Jr. (2010). Railroads in the African American experience: A photographic journey. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, N. (2016). The starbucks race together initiative: Examining a public relations campaign with critical race theory. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(1), 93–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano, J. F., & Escrich, T. (2017). Cultural diversity in business: A critical reflection on the ideology of tolerance. Journal of Business Ethics, 142, 679–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukács, Y. (1923). History and class consciousness (Livingstone, R., Trans.). London: Merlin Press, 1967. Retrieved from http://marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm. Retrieved 15 Jan 2017.

  • Lund, J. (2015). We went to Starbucks to talk to baristas about race. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/we-went-to-starbucks-to-talk-to-baristas-about-race-20150320. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015.

  • Magliocca, G. N. (2013). American founding son: John Bingham and the invention of the fourteenth amendment. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of black insurgency: 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Million, D. (2001). Competing conceptions of corporate personhood. Stanford Agora: An online journal of legal perspectives, 2(1). Retrieved from http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/libArticles2/agora2v1.pdf. Retrieved 12 Dec 2015.

  • Mills, C. W. (2004). Racial exploitation and the wages of whiteness. In G. Yancy (Ed.), What white looks like: African-American philosophers on the question of whiteness (pp. 25–54). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., & Mitchell, M. (2006). Black codes in Georgia. Atlanta: The APEX Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. A. (2005). Securing human property: Slavery, life insurance, and industrialization in the upper south. Journal of the Early Republic, 25(4), 615–652. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2005.0081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naffine, N. (2003). Who are law’s persons? From Cheshire cats to responsible subjects. Modern Law Review, 66(3), 346–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nkomo, S. M. (1992). The emperor has no clothes: Rewriting “race in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 17(3), 487–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkomo, S. M., & Al Ariss, A. (2014). The historical origins of ethnic (white) privilege in US organizations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(4), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2012-0178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nkomo, S., & Hoobler, J. H. (2014). A historical perspective on diversity ideologies in the United States: Reflections on human resource management research and practice. Human Resources Management Review, 24, 245–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northup, S. (1853/2014). Twelve years a slave. Los Angeles: Graymalkin Media. (Original work published in 1853).

  • Pearce, N. (2015). The discrimination debate: Why it hurt Starbucks, but worked for Apple. Fortune. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2015/04/03/the-discrimination-debate-why-it-hurt-starbucks-but-worked-for-apple/. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015.

  • Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy & society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1–2), 62–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Race Forward (n.d.). About Race Forward. Retrieved from https://www.raceforward.org/about. Retrieved 1 Dec 2017.

  • Rosenthal, C. (2016). Slavery’s scientific management: Masters and managers. In S. Beckert & S. Rockman (Eds.), Slavery’s capitalism: A new history of American economic development. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company. (1886). 118 U.S. 394.

  • Scallen, E. A. (1994). Judgment, justification and junctions in rhetorical criticism of legal texts. The Southern Communication Journal, 60(1), 68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slaughterhouse Cases, 83 U.S. 16 Wall. 36 (1873).

  • Smith, T. A. (2001). Competing conceptions of corporate personhood. Stanford Agora: An online journal of legal perspectives, 2(1). Retrieved from http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/libArticles2/agora2v1.pdf. Retrieved 12 Dec 2015.

  • Starck, K., & Kruckeberg, D. (2001). Public relations and community: A reconstructed theory revisited. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), The handbook of public relations (pp. 51–59). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller, R. (1972). Broken promises: The strange history of the Fourteenth Amendment. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H. (1997). The slave trade: The story of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Const., amend. XIV (n.d). Retrieved from https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#amdt_14_(1868). Retrieved 1 Dec 2017.

  • Waymer, D. (2010). Does public relations scholarship have a place in race? In R. L. Heath (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of public relations (pp. 205–222). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, C. V. (2002). The strange career of Jim Crow. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinn, H. (2010). A people’s history of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nneka Logan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Nneka Logan declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Research Involving Human and Animal Participants

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Logan, N. Corporate Personhood and the Corporate Responsibility to Race. J Bus Ethics 154, 977–988 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3893-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3893-3

Keywords

Navigation