Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Industrial Clusters: Why Governance Matters

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The burgeoning literature on global value chains (GVCs) has recast our understanding of how industrial clusters are shaped by their ties to the international economy, but within this context, the role played by corporate social responsibility (CSR) continues to evolve. New research in the past decade allows us to better understand how CSR is linked to industrial clusters and GVCs. With geographic production and trade patterns in many industries becoming concentrated in the global South, lead firms in GVCs have been under growing pressure to link economic and social upgrading in more integrated forms of CSR. This is leading to a confluence of “private governance” (corporate codes of conduct and monitoring), “social governance” (civil society pressure on business from labor organizations and non-governmental organizations), and “public governance” (government policies to support gains by labor groups and environmental activists). This new form of “synergistic governance” is illustrated with evidence from recent studies of GVCs and industrial clusters, as well as advances in theorizing about new patterns of governance in GVCs and clusters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. There is an extensive discussion in the GVC literature that we review below about different ways to measure economic upgrading that involve a focus on both higher value products (e.g., product upgrading, often measured with unit values of exports) and various ways of contributing to higher value-added production, including greater levels of domestic content in exports.

  2. “Capturing the Gains” was funded by the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) between 2010 and 2013, and the project’s publications, working papers, policy briefs, and other activities are listed on the Capturing the Gains website, http://www.capturingthegains.org/.

  3. This normative dimension is particularly important in place-based industrial clusters, where underlying phenomena like the communitarian ethos, a distinctive trait of the Marshallian industrial districts, facilitate mutual trust between people and the transfer and co-production of knowledge (De Marchi and Grandinetti 2014).

  4. This may be emerging not only in the Bangladesh garment industry, with its unprecedented multi-stakeholder coalition of global retailers and brands that have pressured both the Bangladesh government and local factory owners to change legislation and business practices that have led to dangerous and degrading workplace conditions, but also in manufacturing powerhouses like China, where synergistic governance also forced changes by Foxconn and Apple in the electronics sector (Mayer 2014).

  5. Social upgrading can be subdivided into two components (Barrientos and Smith 2007; Elliott and Freeman 2003): measurable standards, which include the type of employment (regular or irregular), wage level, social protection, and working hours; and enabling rights, or less quantifiable aspects of social upgrading, such as freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining, non-discrimination, voice, and empowerment.

  6. While not directly addressed in this article, we view environmental upgrading as an important corollary of economic and social upgrading in the expanded GVC research agenda we discuss here.

  7. See more on the Better Work program at its website (http://betterwork.org/global).

  8. In one such example in Brazil, labor inspectors not only enforced the labor law but also actively engaged in devising local arrangements such as employers’ consortia and prompted producers to make their work practices safer (Coslovsky 2014, p. 210). Similarly, labor inspectors in the Dominican Republic, in addition to their conventional role of law enforcement, took a proactive approach to labor regulation and engaged in educating workers about their rights and reconciling disputes between employers and workers (Amengual 2010).

  9. As Coslovsky and Locke (2013) point out, such complementarity may not require explicit communication and coordination between private and public governance actors to make each other’s actors effective (see also Amengual 2010).

References

  • Altenburg, T., & Meyer-Stamer, J. (1999). How to promote clusters: Policy experiences from Latin America. World Development, 27(9), 1693–1713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amengual, M. (2010). Complementary labor regulation: The uncoordinated combination of state and private regulators in the Dominican Republic. World Development, 38(3), 405–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bair, J., & Gereffi, G. (2001). Local clusters in global chains: The causes and consequences of export dynamism in Torreon’s blue jeans industry. World Development, 29(11), 1885–1903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrientos, S. (2013). Corporate purchasing practices in global production networks: A socially contested terrain. Geoforum, 44, 44–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrientos, S., Gereffi, G., & Nathan, D. (2012). Economic and social upgrading in global value chains: Emerging trends and pressures. Capturing the Gains Summit Briefing, University of Manchester. Retrieved June 9, 2014 from http://www.capturingthegains.org/pdf/CTG-GVC.pdf.

  • Barrientos, S., Gereffi, G., & Rossi, A. (2011). Economic and social upgrading in global production networks: A new paradigm for a changing world. International Labour Review, 150(3–4), 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrientos, S., & Kritzinger, A. (2004). Squaring the circle: Global production and the informalization of work in South African fruit exports. Journal of International Development, 16(1), 81–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrientos, S., & Smith, S. (2007). Do workers benefit from ethical trade? Assessing codes of labour practice in global production systems. Third World Quarterly, 28(4), 713–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrientos, S., & Visser, M. (2012). South African horticulture: Opportunities and challenges for economic and social upgrading in value chains. Capturing the Gains Working Paper 2012/12, University of Manchester. Retrieved June 9, 2014 from http://www.capturingthegains.org/publications/workingpapers/wp_201212.htm.

  • Bartley, T. (2005). Corporate accountability and the privatization of labor standards: Struggles over codes of conduct in the apparel industry. Research in Political Sociology, 14, 211–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, T., & Milberg, W. (2011). Economic and social upgrading in global value chains: Analysis of horticulture, apparel, tourism and mobile telephones. Capturing the Gains Working Paper 2011/06. Retrieved May 19, 2014 from http://www.capturingthegains.org/publications/workingpapers/wp_201106.htm.

  • Carr, M., & Chen, M. (2004). Globalization, social exclusion and work: With special reference to informal employment and gender. International Labour Office, Geneva. Retrieved November 20, 2013 from http://www.ilo.org/dyn/dwresources/docs/625/F1146925582/gender%20and%20globalisation.pdf.

  • Carswell, G., & De Neve, G. (2013). Labouring for global markets: Conceptualising labour agency in global production networks. Geoforum, 44, 62–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo, O., Gereffi, G., Miroudot, S., & Taglioni, D. (2013). Joining, upgrading and being competitive in global value chains: A strategic framework. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6406, The World Bank, Washington DC. Retrieved May 10, 2014 from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2013/04/09/000158349_20130409182129/Rendered/PDF/wps6406.pdf.

  • Chiarvesio, M., Di Maria, E., & Micelli, S. (2010). Global value chains and open networks: The case of Italian industrial districts. European Planning Studies, 18(3), 333–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, O. F., Carrillo, J., & Alonso, J. (2012). Local entrepreneurship within global value chains: A case study in the Mexican automotive industry. World Development, 40(5), 1013–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coslovsky, S. V. (2014). Flying under the radar? The state and the enforcement of labour laws in Brazil. Oxford Development Studies, 42(2), 190–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coslovsky, S. V., & Locke, R. (2013). Parallel paths to enforcement: Private compliance, public regulation, and labor standards in the Brazilian sugar sector. Politics & Society, 41(4), 497–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crow, M., & Batz, M. B. (2006). Clean and competitive? Small-scale bleachers and dyers in Tirupur, India. In A. Blackman (Ed.), Small firms and the environment in developing countries–collective action and collective impacts (pp. 147–170). Washington, DC: REF Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damodaran, S. (2010). Upgradation or flexible casualization? Exploring the dynamics of global value chain incorporation in the Indian leather industry. In A. Posthuma & D. Nathan (Eds.), Labour in global production networks in India (pp. 231–250). New Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Marchi, V., & Grandinetti, R. (2014). Industrial districts and the collapse of the Marshallian model: Looking at the Italian experience. Competition & Change, 18(1), 70–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E., & Ponte, S. (2014). Multinational firms and the management of global networks: Insights from global value chain studies. In T. Pedersen , M. Venzin, T. M. Devinney & L. Tihanyi (Eds.), Orchestration of the global network organization (pp. 463–486). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

  • De Neve, G. (2014). Fordism, flexible specialisation and CSR: How Indian garment workers critique neoliberal labour regimes. Ethnography, 15(2), 184–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, C. S., & Opondo, M. (2005). Seeking common ground—multi-stakeholer processes in Kenya’s cut flower industry. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 18, 87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doner, R. F., & Schneider, B. R. (2000). Business associations and economic development: Why some associations contribute more than others. Business and Politics, 2(3), 261–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, K. A., & Freeman, R. B. (2003). The role global labor standards could play in addressing basic needs. In J. Heymann (Ed.), Global inequalities at work (pp. 299–327). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2011). A renewed EU strategy 2011–2014 for corporate social responsibility. European Commission, Brussels. Retrieved May 10, 2014 from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0681:FIN:EN:PDF.

  • Gallagher, M. E. (2014). China’s workers movement & the end of the rapid-growth era. Daedalus, 143(2), 81–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G. (1994). The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How US retailers shape overseas production networks. In G. Gereffi & M. Korzeniewicz (Eds.), Commodity chains and global capitalism (pp. 95–122). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G. (1999). International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chains. Journal of International Economics, 48(1), 37–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G. (2005). The global economy: Organization, governance, and development. In N. J. Smelser & R. Swedberg (Eds.), The handbook of economic sociology (2nd ed., pp. 160–182). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G. (2014). Global value chains in a post-Washington consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 9–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G., & Fernandez-Stark, K. (2011). Global value chain analysis: A primer. Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Durham, NC. Retrieved December 4, 2013 from http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2011-05-31_GVC_analysis_a_primer.pdf.

  • Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. (2005). The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1), 78–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G., & Lee, J. (2012). Why the world suddenly cares about global supply chains. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 48(3), 24–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereffi, G., & Sturgeon, T. J. (2013). Global value chain-oriented industrial policy: The role of emerging economies. In D. K. Elms & P. Low (Eds.), Global value chains in a changing world (pp. 329–360). Geneva: World Trade Organization, Fung Global Institute and Temasek Foundation Centre for Trade & Negotiations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbon, P., Bair, J., & Ponte, S. (2008). Governing global value chains: An introduction. Economy and Society, 37(3), 315–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhouse, S. (2013). U.S. Retailers decline to aid factory victims in Bangladesh. New York Times, November 23. Retrieved July 19, 2014 from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/business/international/us-retailers-decline-to-aid-factory-victims-in-bangladesh.html.

  • Humphrey, J., & Memedovic, O. (2006). Global value chains in the agrifood sector. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Working Paper, Vienna. Retrieved March 11, 2014 from http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Global_value_chains_in_the_agrifood_sector.pdf.

  • Humphrey, J., & Schmitz, H. (2002). How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Regional Studies, 36(9), 1017–1027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ILO. (1999). Decent work: Report of the director-general to the 89th session of the international labour conference. International Labor Organization, Geneva. Retrieved May 10, 2014 from http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09605/09605(1999-87).pdf.

  • Jenkins, R. O., Pearson, R., & Seyfang, G. (2002). Corporate responsibility and labour rights: Codes of conduct in the global economy. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Justice, D. W. (2005). The corporate social responsibility concept and phenomenon: Challenges and opportunities for trade unionists. Presented at the ITC-ILO/ACTRAV Course A3-50909: Trade Union Training for Global Union Federations in Asia and the Pacific Region on Globalization, Workers’ Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

  • Kaplinsky, R., & Farooki, M. (2010). Global value chains, the crisis, and the shift of markets from north to south. In O. Cattaneo, G. Gereffi, & C. Staritz (Eds.), Global value chains in a postcrisis world: A development perspective (pp. 125–153). Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplinsky, R., Terheggen, A., & Tijaja, J. (2011). China as a final market: The Gabon timber and Thai cassava value chains. World Development, 39(7), 1177–1190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketels, C. H., & Memedovic, O. (2008). From clusters to cluster-based economic development. International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 1(3), 375–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khara, N., & Lund-Thomsen, P. (2012). Value chain restructuring, work organization and labour outcomes in football manufacturing in India. Competition & Change, 16(4), 261–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knorringa, P. (2011). Value chain responsibility in the global south. In S. M. Murshed, P. Goulart, & L. Serino (Eds.), South-South globalization: Challenges and opportunities for development (pp. 194–208). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knorringa, P., & Pegler, L. (2007). Integrating labour issues in global value chains analysis: Exploring implications for labour research and unions. In V. Schmidt (Ed.), Trade union responses to globalisation: A review by the global unions research network (pp. 35–51). Geneva: International Labour Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolk, A., & van Tulder, R. (2004). Ethics in international business: Multinational approaches to child labor. Journal of World Business, 39(1), 49–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Gereffi, G., & Beauvais, J. (2012). Global value chains and agrifood standards: Challenges and possibilities for smallholders in developing countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 191(31), 12326–12331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, R. M. (2013). The promise and limits of private power: Promoting labor standards in a global economy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, R., Amengual, M., & Mangla, A. (2009). Virtue out of necessity? Compliance, commitment, and the improvement of labor conditions in global supply chains. Politics & Society, 37(3), 319–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Thomsen, P., & Lindgreen, A. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in global value chains: Where are we now and where are we going? Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Thomsen, P., & Nadvi, K. (2010a). Clusters, chains and compliance: Corporate social responsibility and governance in football manufacturing in South Asia. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(2), 201–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Thomsen, P., & Nadvi, K. (2010b). Global value chains, local collective action and corporate social responsibility: A review of empirical evidence. Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Thomsen, P., & Pillay, R. G. (2012). CSR in industrial clusters: An overview of the literature. Corporate Governance, 12(4), 568–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, F. (2014). Leveraging private governance for public purpose: Business, civil society and the state in labour regulation. In A. Payne & N. Philips (Eds.), Handbook on the international political economy of governance (pp. 344–360). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, F., & Gereffi, G. (2010). Regulation and economic globalization: Prospects and limits of private governance. Business and Politics, 12(3), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mezzadri, A. (2014). Indian garment clusters and CSR norms: Incompatible agendas at the bottom of the garment commodity chain. Oxford Development Studies, 42(2), 238–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadvi, K. (2014). ‘Rising powers’ and labour and environmental standards. Oxford Development Studies, 42(2), 137–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadvi, K., & Barrientos, S. (2004). Industrial clusters and poverty reduction: Towards a methodology for poverty and social impact assessment of cluster development initiatives. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna. Retrieved December 10, 2013 from http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/PSD/Clusters_and_Networks/publications/industrialClustersandpoverty_NADVI.pdf.

  • Nathan, D., & Sarkar, S. (2011). Blood on your mobile phone? Capturing the gains for artisanal miners, poor workers and women. Capturing the Gains Briefing Note, No. 2. Retrieved June 9, 2014 from http://www.capturingthegains.org/publications/briefingnotes/bp_02.htm.

  • Neilson, J., & Pritchard, B. (2009). Value chain struggles: Institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India. Malden, MA.: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, J., & Pritchard, B. (2010). Fairness and ethicality in their place: The regional dynamics of fair trade and ethical sourcing agendas in the plantation districts of South India. Environment and Planning A, 42(8), 1833–1851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, D. (2003). Outsourcing regulation: Analyzing nongovernmental systems of labor standards and monitoring. Policy Studies Journal, 31(1), 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, D. (2006). Multi-stakeholder regulation: Privatizing or socializing global labor standards? World Development, 34(5), 899–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palpacuer, F. (2008). Bringing the social context back in: Governance and wealth distribution in global commodity chains. Economy and Society, 37(3), 393–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piore, M. J., & Sabel, C. F. (1984). The second industrial divide. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polaski, S. (2003). Protecting labor rights through trade agreements: An analytical guide. UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 10(1), 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polaski, S. (2006). Combining global and local forces: The case of labor rights in Cambodia. World Development, 34(5), 919–932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponte, S., & Gibbon, P. (2005). Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global value chains. Economy and Society, 34(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponte, S., & Sturgeon, T. (2014). Explaining governance in global value chains: A modular theory-building effort. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 195–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 77–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posthuma, A. (2008). Seeking the high road to Jepara: Challenges for economic and social upgrading in Indonesian wood furniture clusters. In J. A. Puppim de Oliveira (Ed.), Upgrading clusters and small enterprises in developing countries: Environmental, labor, innovation and social issues (pp. 23–43). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posthuma, A. (2010). Beyond ‘regulatory enclaves’: Challenges and opportunities to promote decent work in global production networks. In A. Posthuma & D. Nathan (Eds.), Labour in global production networks in India (pp. 57–80). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posthuma, A., & Nathan, D. (Eds.). (2010). Labour in global production networks in India. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (2008a). Introduction: Social upgrading among small firms and clusters. In J. A. Puppim de Oliveira (Ed.), Upgrading clusters and small enterprises in developing countries: Environmental, labor, innovation and social issues (pp. 1–21). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (Ed.). (2008b). Upgrading clusters and small enterprises in developing countries: Environmental, labor, innovation and social issues. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyke, F. S., Becattini, G., & Sengenberger, W. (Eds.). (1990). Industrial districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Garavito, C. A. (2005). Global governance and labor rights: Codes of conduct and anti-sweatshop struggles in global apparel factories in Mexico and Guatemala. Politics & Society, 33(2), 203–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruwanpura, K. N., & Roncolato, L. (2006). Child rights: An enabling or disabling right? The nexus between child labor and poverty in Bangladesh. Journal of Developing Societies, 22(4), 359–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruwanpura, K. N., & Wrigley, N. (2011). The costs of compliance? Views of Sri Lankan apparel manufacturers in times of global economic crisis. Journal of Economic Geography, 11(6), 1031–1049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H. (1995). Collective efficiency: Growth path for small-scale industry. Journal of Development Studies, 31(4), 529–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H. (2004). Local enterprises in the global economy: Issues of governance and upgrading. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H. (2006). Learning and earning in global garment and footwear chains. European Journal of Development Research, 18(4), 546–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H., & Knorringa, P. (2000). Learning from global buyers. Journal of Development Studies, 37(2), 177–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H., & Nadvi, K. (1999). Clustering and industrialization: Introduction. World Development, 27(9), 1503–1514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, B. (2013). Social upgrading and labour in global production networks: A critique and an alternative conception. Competition & Change, 17(1), 75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon, T. J. (2003). What really goes on in Silicon Valley? Spatial clustering and dispersal in modular production networks. Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 199–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon, T. J. (2009). From commodity chains to value chains: Interdisciplinary theory building in an age of globalization. In J. Bair (Ed.), Frontiers of commodity chain research (pp. 110–135). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon, T. J., Van Biesebroeck, J., & Gereffi, G. (2008). Value chains, networks and clusters: Reframing the global automotive industry. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(3), 297–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh, T. G. (2010). Cost cutting pressures and labour relations in Tamil Nadu’s automobile components supply chain. In A. Posthuma & D. Nathan (Eds.), Labour in global production networks in India (pp. 251–271). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, M., & Pillai, P. (2005). Global standards and the dynamics of environmental compliance in India’s leather industry. Oxford Development Studies, 33(2), 245–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Tulder, R. (2009). Chains for change. Position paper for the Third Max Havelaar lecture. Retrieved January 6, 2014 from http://www.maxhavelaarlecture.org/downloads/max_havelaar_lectures_2009_booklet.pdf.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Peter Lund-Thomsen and two anonymous reviewers for valuable feedback on earlier versions of this paper. Lee’s work was supported by the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-2012-2430). All errors of fact and interpretation are our responsibility.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Center for Globalization, Governance and Competiveness, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Gary Gereffi

  2. School of Business, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea

    Joonkoo Lee

Authors
  1. Gary Gereffi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joonkoo Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joonkoo Lee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gereffi, G., Lee, J. Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Industrial Clusters: Why Governance Matters. J Bus Ethics 133, 25–38 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2373-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2373-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation