Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The presentation of brain metastases in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer and potential implications for screening brain MRIs

  • Brief Communication
  • Published:
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

This study assessed the presentation and institutional outcomes treating brain metastases (BM) of breast cancer (BC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and melanoma origin.

Methods

Patients with brain metastases treated between 2014 and 2019 with primary melanoma, NSCLC, and BC were identified. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from dates of initial BM diagnosis using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

A total of 959 patients were identified including melanoma (31%), NSCLC (51%), and BC (18%). Patients with BC were younger at BM diagnosis (median age: 57) than NSCLC (65) and melanoma patients (62, p < 0.0001). Breast cancer patients were more likely to present with at least 5 BM (27%) than NSCLC (14%) and melanoma (13%), leptomeningeal disease (23%, 6%, and 6%, p = 0.0004) and receive whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) (58%, 37%, and 22%, p < 0.0001). There were no differences in surgical resection (24%, 24%, and 29%, p = 0.166). Median OS was shorter for BC patients (9.9, 10.3, and 13.7 months, p = 0.0006).

Conclusion

Breast cancer patients were more likely to be younger, present with advanced disease, require WBRT, and have poorer OS than NSCLC and melanoma patients. Further investigation is needed to determine which BC patients are at sufficient risk for brain MRI screening.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Data availability

Summary data supporting the results reported in this article can be requested by emailing the corresponding author.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Cagney DN, Martin AM, Catalano PJ, Brown PD, Alexander BM, Lin NU, Aizer AA (2018) Implications of screening for brain metastases in patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol 4:1001–1003. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0813

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, Allen PK, Lang FF, Kornguth DG, Arbuckle RB, Swint JM, Shiu AS, Maor MH, Meyers CA (2009) Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10:1037–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70263-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cristina Saura MO, Feng Y-H, Dai M-S, Hurvitz SA, Kim S-B, Moy B, Delaloge S, Gradishar WJ, Masuda N, Palacova M, Trudeau ME, Mattson J, Yap YS, Bryce R, Yao B, Bebchuk JD, Keyvanjah K, Brufsky A (2019) Neratinib + capecitabine versus lapatinib + capecitabine in patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer previously treated with ≥ 2 HER2-directed regimens: findings from the multinational, randomized, phase III NALA trial. JCO 37:1002–1002. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.1002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Davies MA, Saiag P, Robert C, Grob JJ, Flaherty KT, Arance A, Chiarion-Sileni V, Thomas L, Lesimple T, Mortier L, Moschos SJ, Hogg D, Márquez-Rodas I, Del Vecchio M, Lebbé C, Meyer N, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Mookerjee B, Long GV (2017) Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma brain metastases (COMBI-MB): a multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 18:863–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30429-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Deeken JF, Loscher W (2007) The blood-brain barrier and cancer: transporters, treatment, and Trojan horses. Clin Cancer Res 13:1663–1674. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Figura NB, Rizk VT, Armaghani AJ, Arrington JA, Etame AB, Han HS, Czerniecki BJ, Forsyth PA, Ahmed KA (2019) Breast leptomeningeal disease: a review of current practices and updates on management. Breast Cancer Res Treat 177:277–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-019-05317-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Freedman RA, Gelman RS, Anders CK, Melisko ME, Parsons HA, Cropp AM, Silvestri K, Cotter CM, Componeschi KP, Marte JM, Connolly RM, Moy B, Van Poznak CH, Blackwell KL, Puhalla SL, Jankowitz RC, Smith KL, Ibrahim N, Moynihan TJ, O’Sullivan CC, Nangia J, Niravath P, Tung N, Pohlmann PR, Burns R, Rimawi MF, Krop IE, Wolff AC, Winer EP, Lin NU, Translational Breast Cancer Research C (2019) TBCRC 022: a phase II Trial of neratinib and capecitabine for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 37:1081–1089. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.18.01511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldberg SB, Schalper KA, Gettinger SN, Mahajan A, Herbst RS, Chiang AC, Lilenbaum R, Wilson FH, Omay SB, Yu JB, Jilaveanu L, Tran T, Pavlik K, Rowen E, Gerrish H, Komlo A, Gupta R, Wyatt H, Ribeiro M, Kluger Y, Zhou G, Wei W, Chiang VL, Kluger HM (2020) Pembrolizumab for management of patients with NSCLC and brain metastases: long-term results and biomarker analysis from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 21:655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30111-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Hughes RT, Masters AH, McTyre ER, Farris MK, Chung C, Page BR, Kleinberg LR, Hepel J, Contessa JN, Chiang V, Ruiz J, Watabe K, Su J, Fiveash JB, Braunstein S, Chao S, Attia A, Ayala-Peacock DN, Chan MD (2019) Initial SRS for patients with 5 to 15 brain metastases: results of a multi-institutional experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 104:1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jeene PM, de Vries KC, van Nes JGH, Kwakman JJM, Wester G, Rozema T, Braam PM, Zindler JD, Koper P, Nuyttens JJ, Vos-Westerman HA, Schmeets I, Niel C, Hutschemaekers S, van der Linden YM, Verhoeff JJC, Stalpers LJA (2018) Survival after whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases from lung cancer and breast cancer is poor in 6325 Dutch patients treated between 2000 and 2014. Acta Oncol 57:637–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2017.1418534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kondziolka D, Kano H, Harrison GL, Yang HC, Liew DN, Niranjan A, Brufsky AM, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD (2011) Stereotactic radiosurgery as primary and salvage treatment for brain metastases from breast cancer. Clinical article J Neurosurg 114:792–800. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.8.JNS10461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lin NU, Borges V, Anders C, Murthy RK, Paplomata E, Hamilton E, Hurvitz S, Loi S, Okines A, Abramson V, Bedard PL, Oliveira M, Mueller V, Zelnak A, DiGiovanna MP, Bachelot T, Chien AJ, O’Regan R, Wardley A, Conlin A, Cameron D, Carey L, Curigliano G, Gelmon K, Loibl S, Mayor J, McGoldrick S, An X, Winer EP (2020) Intracranial efficacy and survival with tucatinib plus trastuzumab and capecitabine for previously treated HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases in the HER2CLIMB Trial. J Clin Oncol 38:2610–2619. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00775

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Lockman PR, Mittapalli RK, Taskar KS, Rudraraju V, Gril B, Bohn KA, Adkins CE, Roberts A, Thorsheim HR, Gaasch JA, Huang S, Palmieri D, Steeg PS, Smith QR (2010) Heterogeneous blood-tumor barrier permeability determines drug efficacy in experimental brain metastases of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 16:5664–5678. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1564

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Martin AM, Cagney DN, Catalano PJ, Warren LE, Bellon JR, Punglia RS, Claus EB, Lee EQ, Wen PY, Haas-Kogan DA, Alexander BM, Lin NU, Aizer AA (2017) Brain metastases in newly diagnosed breast cancer: a population-based study. JAMA Oncol 3:1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.0001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Matsunaga S, Shuto T, Kawahara N, Suenaga J, Inomori S, Fujino H (2010) Gamma Knife surgery for metastatic brain tumors from primary breast cancer: treatment indication based on number of tumors and breast cancer phenotype. J Neurosurg 113(Suppl):65–72. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.8.GKS10932

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Miller KD, Weathers T, Haney LG, Timmerman R, Dickler M, Shen J, Sledge GW Jr (2003) Occult central nervous system involvement in patients with metastatic breast cancer: prevalence, predictive factors and impact on overall survival. Ann Oncol 14:1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mills MN, Figura NB, Arrington JA, Yu HM, Etame AB, Vogelbaum MA, Soliman H, Czerniecki BJ, Forsyth PA, Han HS, Ahmed KA (2020) Management of brain metastases in breast cancer: a review of current practices and emerging treatments. Breast Cancer Res Treat 180:279–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05552-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Network NCC (2020) Breast Cancer (version 1.2021). In:

  19. Network NCC (2021) Melanoma: Cutaneous (version 1.2021). In:

  20. Network NCC (2021) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (version 2.2021). In:

  21. Network NCC (2021) Small Cell Lung Cancer (version 2.2021). In:

  22. Nieder C, Spanne O, Mehta MP, Grosu AL, Geinitz H (2011) Presentation, patterns of care, and survival in patients with brain metastases: what has changed in the last 20 years? Cancer 117:2505–2512. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Niwinska A, Tacikowska M, Murawska M (2010) The effect of early detection of occult brain metastases in HER2-positive breast cancer patients on survival and cause of death. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77:1134–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Foon KA, Young B (1998) Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA 280:1485–1489. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.17.1485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ramakrishna N, Temin S, Chandarlapaty S, Crews JR, Davidson NE, Esteva FJ, Giordano SH, Kirshner JJ, Krop IE, Levinson J, Modi S, Patt DA, Perlmutter J, Winer EP, Lin NU (2018) Recommendations on disease management for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 36:2804–2807. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.79.2713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Reungwetwattana T, Nakagawa K, Cho BC, Cobo M, Cho EK, Bertolini A, Bohnet S, Zhou C, Lee KH, Nogami N, Okamoto I, Leighl N, Hodge R, McKeown A, Brown AP, Rukazenkov Y, Ramalingam SS, Vansteenkiste J (2018) CNS response to osimertinib versus standard epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.78.3118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rostami R, Mittal S, Rostami P, Tavassoli F, Jabbari B (2016) Brain metastasis in breast cancer: a comprehensive literature review. J Neurooncol 127:407–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-016-2075-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Soffietti R, Kocher M, Abacioglu UM, Villa S, Fauchon F, Baumert BG, Fariselli L, Tzuk-Shina T, Kortmann RD, Carrie C, Ben Hassel M, Kouri M, Valeinis E, van den Berge D, Mueller RP, Tridello G, Collette L, Bottomley A (2013) A european organisation for research and treatment of cancer phase III trial of adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation in patients with one to three brain metastases from solid tumors after surgical resection or radiosurgery: quality-of-life results. J Clin Oncol 31:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sperduto PW, Berkey B, Gaspar LE, Mehta M, Curran W (2008) A new prognostic index and comparison to three other indices for patients with brain metastases: an analysis of 1960 patients in the RTOG database. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:510–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.074

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sperduto PW, Jiang W, Brown PD, Braunstein S, Sneed P, Wattson DA, Shih HA, Bangdiwala A, Shanley R, Lockney NA, Beal K, Lou E, Amatruda T, Sperduto WA, Kirkpatrick JP, Yeh N, Gaspar LE, Molitoris JK, Masucci L, Roberge D, Yu J, Chiang V, Mehta M (2017) Estimating survival in melanoma patients with brain metastases: an update of the graded prognostic assessment for melanoma using molecular markers (Melanoma-molGPA). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 99:812–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.2454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sperduto PW, Mesko S, Li J, Cagney D, Aizer A, Lin NU, Nesbit E, Kruser TJ, Chan J, Braunstein S, Lee J, Kirkpatrick JP, Breen W, Brown PD, Shi D, Shih HA, Soliman H, Sahgal A, Shanley R, Sperduto W, Lou E, Everett A, Boggs DH, Masucci L, Roberge D, Remick J, Plichta K, Buatti JM, Jain S, Gaspar LE, Wu CC, Wang TJC, Bryant J, Chuong M, Yu J, Chiang V, Nakano T, Aoyama H, Mehta MP (2020) Beyond an updated graded prognostic assessment (Breast GPA): a prognostic index and trends in treatment and survival in breast cancer brain metastases from 1985 to today. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 107:334–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.01.051

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sperduto PW, Mesko S, Li J, Cagney D, Aizer A, Lin NU, Nesbit E, Kruser TJ, Chan J, Braunstein S, Lee J, Kirkpatrick JP, Breen W, Brown PD, Shi D, Shih HA, Soliman H, Sahgal A, Shanley R, Sperduto WA, Lou E, Everett A, Boggs DH, Masucci L, Roberge D, Remick J, Plichta K, Buatti JM, Jain S, Gaspar LE, Wu CC, Wang TJC, Bryant J, Chuong M, An Y, Chiang V, Nakano T, Aoyama H, Mehta MP (2020) Survival in patients with brain metastases: summary report on the updated diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment and definition of the eligibility quotient. J Clin Oncol 38:3773–3784. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.01255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Sperduto PW, Yang TJ, Beal K, Pan H, Brown PD, Bangdiwala A, Shanley R, Yeh N, Gaspar LE, Braunstein S, Sneed P, Boyle J, Kirkpatrick JP, Mak KS, Shih HA, Engelman A, Roberge D, Arvold ND, Alexander B, Awad MM, Contessa J, Chiang V, Hardie J, Ma D, Lou E, Sperduto W, Mehta MP (2017) Estimating survival in patients with lung cancer and brain metastases: an update of the graded prognostic assessment for lung cancer using molecular markers (lung-molGPA). JAMA Oncol 3:827–831. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.3834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tabouret E, Chinot O, Metellus P, Tallet A, Viens P, Goncalves A (2012) Recent trends in epidemiology of brain metastases: an overview. Anticancer Res 32:4655–4662

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tawbi HA, Forsyth PA, Algazi A, Hamid O, Hodi FS, Moschos SJ, Khushalani NI, Lewis K, Lao CD, Postow MA, Atkins MB, Ernstoff MS, Reardon DA, Puzanov I, Kudchadkar RR, Thomas RP, Tarhini A, Pavlick AC, Jiang J, Avila A, Demelo S, Margolin K (2018) Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma metastatic to the brain. N Engl J Med 379:722–730. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1805453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Tio M, Wang X, Carlino MS, Shivalingam B, Fogarty GB, Guminski AD, Lo S, Hong AM, Menzies AM, Long GV (2018) Survival and prognostic factors for patients with melanoma brain metastases in the era of modern systemic therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 31:509–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tolaney SM, Sahebjam S, Le Rhun E, Bachelot T, Kabos P, Awada A, Yardley D, Chan A, Conte P, Diéras V, Lin NU, Bear M, Chapman SC, Yang Z, Chen Y, Anders CK (2020) A phase II study of abemaciclib in patients with brain metastases secondary to hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 26:5310–5319. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-1764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tosoni A, Franceschi E, Brandes AA (2008) Chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with brain metastases: have new chemotherapic agents changed the clinical outcome? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 68:212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.04.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Waks AG, Winer EP (2019) Breast cancer treatment: a review. JAMA 321:288–300. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang N, Bertalan MS, Brastianos PK (2018) Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: review and update on management. Cancer 124:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30911

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Witzel I, Laakmann E, Weide R, Neunhoffer T, Park-Simon TJ, Schmidt M, Fasching PA, Hesse T, Polasik A, Mohrmann S, Wurschmidt F, Schem C, Bechtner C, Wurstlein R, Fehm T, Mobus V, Burchardi N, Loibl S, Muller V (2018) Treatment and outcomes of patients in the brain metastases in breast cancer network registry. Eur J Cancer 102:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2018.07.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wolf A, Kvint S, Chachoua A, Pavlick A, Wilson M, Donahue B, Golfinos JG, Silverman J, Kondziolka D (2018) Toward the complete control of brain metastases using surveillance screening and stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 128:23–31. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.10.JNS161036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T, Akabane A, Higuchi Y, Kawagishi J, Yamanaka K, Sato Y, Jokura H, Yomo S, Nagano O, Kenai H, Moriki A, Suzuki S, Kida Y, Iwai Y, Hayashi M, Onishi H, Gondo M, Sato M, Akimitsu T, Kubo K, Kikuchi Y, Shibasaki T, Goto T, Takanashi M, Mori Y, Takakura K, Saeki N, Kunieda E, Aoyama H, Momoshima S, Tsuchiya K (2014) Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 15:387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70061-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Yust-Katz S, Garciarena P, Liu D, Yuan Y, Ibrahim N, Yerushalmi R, Penas-Prado M, Groves MD (2013) Breast cancer and leptomeningeal disease (LMD): hormone receptor status influences time to development of LMD and survival from LMD diagnosis. J Neurooncol 114:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-013-1175-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Matthew N. Mills and Thrisha K. Potluri have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Matthew N. Mills, Nicholas B. Figura, Iman R. Washington, Roberto Diaz, Daniel E. Oliver, Hsiang-Hsuan Michael Yu & Kamran A. Ahmed

  2. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Thrisha K. Potluri, Yuki Kawahara & Matthew Fahey

  3. Department of Neuro Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Arnold B. Etame, Michael A. Vogelbaum, Solmaz Sahebjam & Peter A. Forsyth

  4. Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Aixa E. Soyano, Brian J. Czerniecki, Hatem H. Soliman & Hyo S. Han

  5. Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    John A. Arrington

Authors
  1. Matthew N. Mills
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thrisha K. Potluri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuki Kawahara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matthew Fahey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicholas B. Figura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Aixa E. Soyano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Iman R. Washington
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Roberto Diaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Daniel E. Oliver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hsiang-Hsuan Michael Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Arnold B. Etame
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Michael A. Vogelbaum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Brian J. Czerniecki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. John A. Arrington
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Solmaz Sahebjam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Peter A. Forsyth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Hatem H. Soliman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Hyo S. Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Kamran A. Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

KA, TKP, and MM designed the study and prepared the manuscript. MF, YK, TKP, and MM contributed to data collection. KA and MM performed the statistical analysis. KA, NBF, AES, IRW, RD, DEO, HMY, ABE, MAV, BJC, JAA, SS, PAF, HHS, and HSH assisted with data analysis, data interpretation, manuscript editing, and review.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kamran A. Ahmed.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Hsiang-Hsuan Michael Yu has received speaker’s honoraria from BrainLab and is on the advisory boards of Novocure and Abbvie. Michael A. Vogelbaum has indirect equity and royalty rights from Infuseon Therapeutics and has received honoraria from Tocagen, Cellinta, and Celgene. Peter A. Forsyth has received research funding from Pfizer and Celgene and is on the advisory boards of Novocure, BTG, Inovio, Abbvie, Ziopharm, Tocagen, and Pfizer. Hatem Soliman serves as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Celgene, Novartis, PUMA, and Eisai. Brian J Czerniecki has intellectual property on a HER2 dendritic cell vaccine. Hyo S. Han declares that she has received a speaker’s honorarium from Lilly Pharmaceuticals, research funding from Abbvie, Arvinas, GSK, Marker therapeutic, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, SeattleGenetics, Prescient, Horizon, Zymeworks, and Karyopharm. Kamran A. Ahmed has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, and Genentech.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the University of South Florida Institutional Review Board.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 20 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mills, M.N., Potluri, T.K., Kawahara, Y. et al. The presentation of brain metastases in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer and potential implications for screening brain MRIs. Breast Cancer Res Treat 191, 209–217 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06420-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06420-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation