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Facilitation of management plan development via spatial classification of areas invaded by alien invasive plant

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Abstract

Propagule supply and habitat suitability strongly influence the success of invasive alien plants. Thus, an invaded area is likely to have an adequate propagule supply, a suitable habitat, or both for species persistence. Based on this idea, we classified invaded areas into four categories as follows but with establishment still occurring in some cases: Class 1, adequate propagule supply and habitat suitability; Class 2, adequate propagule supply but limited habitat suitability; Class 3, limited propagule supply and adequate habitat suitability; and Class 4, mid- to low-level propagule supply and habitat suitability. We propose a framework for the classification of invaded areas into these four classes and present a case study in which this framework was applied. Classifying target areas in this manner could facilitate more efficient and practical management planning, thereby saving time and resources. We selected the alien shrub Leucaena leucocephala L. (Fabaceae) as a model species, which has invaded the Nakodo-jima Island in the Ogasawara Archipelago of Japan. We developed a species distribution model by incorporating proxy variables for propagule supply and habitat suitability as well as submodels for propagule supply or habitat suitability. Using these submodels, we estimated the levels of propagule supply and habitat suitability in each, and classified the current distribution range appropriately. Using these classifications, land managers could set priorities to concentrate their efforts to efficiently control target species.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. A. Mizuguchi for several useful discussions for this study. Two anonymous reviewers provided us the constructive suggestions. This study was supported partly by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16H01794.

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Correspondence to Takeshi Osawa.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Figs. 6, 7 and 8.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Illustration of eight configurations of neighboring occurrence cells (Nc): a four adjacent cells provide propagules (diagonally adjacent cells were not treated as adjacent); b eight adjacent cells (diagonally adjacent cells are treated as adjacent) provide propagules; c cells within two units of a focal cell provide the propagules (diagonally adjacent cells were not regarded as adjacent with one unit); and d eight adjacent cells and sixteen outer adjacent cells provide propagules

Fig. 7
figure 7

Maps based on the sub-models. Map a 25 highest-ranked grids based on propagule supply values; Map b 25 highest-ranked grids based on habitat suitability values

Fig. 8
figure 8

The map of classification results with real occurrences points

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Osawa, T., Akasaka, M. & Kachi, N. Facilitation of management plan development via spatial classification of areas invaded by alien invasive plant. Biol Invasions 21, 2067–2080 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01958-2

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