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Ecosystem services of geoduck farming in South Puget Sound, USA: a modeling analysis

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Abstract

Provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services of Pacific geoduck clam (Panopea generosa) culture were simulated for an intertidal shellfish farm in Eld Inlet, South Puget Sound, Washington, USA. An individual geoduck clam growth model was developed, based on a well-established framework for modeling bivalve growth and environmental effects (AquaShell™). Geoduck growth performance was then validated and calibrated for the commercial farm. The individual model was incorporated into the Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model to simulate the production cycle, economic performance, and environmental effects of intertidal geoduck culture. Both the individual and farm-scale models were implemented using object-oriented programming. The FARM model was then used to evaluate the test farm with respect to its role in reducing eutrophication symptoms, by applying the Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) model. Farm production of 17.3 t of clams per 5-year culture cycle is well reproduced by the model (14.4 t). At the current culture density of 21 ind m−2, geoduck farming at the Eld Inlet farm (area: 2684 m2) provides an annual ecosystem service corresponding to 45 Population-Equivalents (PEQ, i.e. loading from humans or equivalent loading from agriculture or industry) in top-down control of eutrophication symptoms. This represents a potential nutrient-credit trading value of over USD 1850 per year, which would add 1.48% to the annual profit (USD 124,900) from the clam sales (i.e. the provisioning service). A scaling exercise applied to the whole of Puget Sound estimated that cultured geoducks provide a significant ecosystem service, of the order of 11,462 PEQ per year (about USD 470,600) in removing primary symptoms of eutrophication, at the level of the whole water body. The modeling tools applied in this study can be used to address both the positive and negative externalities/impacts of shellfish aquaculture practices in the ecosystem and thus the trade-offs of the activity.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the Lentz family (in particular Shina Wysocki) for their help with various aspects of the geoduck modeling activity. We also wish to thank Peter Becker and Bill Dewey for their assistance with data and perspectives on farming in South Puget Sound and three anonymous reviewers who commented on a first draft. This work is dedicated to the memory of John Lentz, an aquaculture innovator who enthusiastically supported the PESCA project in promoting sustainability of shellfish culture in the Pacific Northwest of North America.

Funding

Support was from the PESCA project under NOAA grant NA100AR4170057.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Longline Environment Ltd., 88 Wood Street, London, EC2V 7RS, UK

    Alhambra Martínez Cubillo

  2. DCEA, Faculdade Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Monte de Caparica, Portugal

    João Gomes Ferreira

  3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada

    Christopher Michael Pearce

  4. Mac’s Oysters Ltd., Fanny Bay, BC, V0R 1W0, Canada

    Robert Marshall

  5. Pacific Shellfish Institute, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA

    Dan Cheney & Bobbi Hudson

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  1. Alhambra Martínez Cubillo
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  2. João Gomes Ferreira
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  3. Christopher Michael Pearce
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  4. Robert Marshall
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Correspondence to Alhambra Martínez Cubillo.

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Cubillo, A.M., Ferreira, J.G., Pearce, C.M. et al. Ecosystem services of geoduck farming in South Puget Sound, USA: a modeling analysis. Aquacult Int 26, 1427–1443 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0291-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0291-x

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