Abstract
Bacillus can not only improve the ecological environment of aquaculture water, but also improve the immunity of aquaculture animals, inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the incidence of disease. The present study represented the effect of different combinations of Bacillus on immunity and antioxidant activities in common carp. A total of 240 fish were randomly divided into four groups: control group (basal diet), experimental group I (add B. subtilis), experimental group II (add B. subtilis and B. licheniformis), and experimental group III (B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. cereus). Compared with the control group, the carp in experimental group II displayed a significantly elevated phagocytic percentage (up to a 20.2% increase; P < 0.05), phagocytic index (up to a 41.5% increase; P < 0.05), serum immunoglobulin M (up to a 26.1% increase; P < 0.05), serum lysozyme activity (up to a 21.9% increase; P < 0.05), intestinal mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A content (up to a 53.1% increase; P < 0.05), and peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation ratio (up to a 32.8% increase; P < 0.05). Further analysis of liver antioxidants showed that, compared with the control group, carp in experimental group II displayed elevated superoxide dismutase (69.4%; P < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (25.4%; P < 0.05), catalase (76.4%; P < 0.05), total antioxidant (41.1%; P < 0.05), maleic dialdehyde (28.9%; P < 0.05), and glutathione (35.6%; P < 0.05) activities. There was no significant difference between the experimental group I and the experimental group III (P > 0.05). Our results indicated that dietary Bacillus enhanced the performance of the common carp immune response and that a mixture of strains elevated the antioxidant ability.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berthold-Pluta A, Pluta A, Garbowska M (2015) The effect of selected factors on the survival of Bacillus cereus in the human gastrointestinal tract. Microb Pathog 82:7–14
CasPary WF (1992) Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption. Am C1in Nutr 55:299–308
Geng X, Dong XH, Tan BP, Yang QH, Chi SY, Liu HY, Liu XQ (2011) Effects of dietary chitosan and Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 31:400–406
Gorin, Y. (2016). The kidney: an organ in the front line of oxidative stress-associated pathologies. Antioxidsants & redox signaling
Guzman, D.C., Olguin, H.J., Garcia, E.H., Peraza, A.V., de la Cruz, D.Z., &Soto, M.P. (2016). Mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy induced by oxidative stress. Redox report: communications in free radical research, 1-7
Huang L, Ran C, He S et al (2015) Effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae, culture or live cells with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, spores on growth performance, gut mucosal morphology, hsp70, gene expression, and disease resistance of juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Aquaculture 438:33–38
He S, Zhang Y, Li X et al (2013) Effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis, C-3102 on the production, intestinal cytokine expression and autochthonous bacteria of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, ♀ × Oreochromis aureus, ♂. Aquaculture s412–413:125–130
Liu, C., Lu, J., Lu, L., Liu, Y., Wang, F., & Xiao, M. (2010). Isolation, structural characterization and immunological activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1. Bioresour Technol 101, 5528–5533
Magnadottir B (2006) Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish Shellfish Immunol 20:137–151
Mongkol S, KohrenYamauehi (2002) Histological alterations of intestinal villi in chickens dried Bacillus subtilis Var. natto. Articular Comp Biochem Physiol 133(1):95–104
Pohl S, Harwood CR (2010) Heterologous protein secretion by bacillus species from the cradle to the grave. Adv Appl Microbiol 73:1–25
Ringø E (2011) Evaluation of probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis C-3102 as a feed supplement for koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Aquac Res Dev 01(1):131–135
Simonen M, Palva I (1993) Protein secretion in Bacillus species. Microbiol Rev 57:109–137
Taniguchi, K., Yamachika, S., He, F., &Karin, M. (2016). p62/SQSTM1-Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde that prevents oxidative stress but promotes liver cancer. FEBS letters
Weifen L, Xiaoping Z, Wenhui S, Bin D, Quan L, Luoqin F, Jiajia Z, Yue W, Dongyou Y (2012) Effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish Physiol Biochem 38:1585–1592
Wray, D.W., Amann, M., & Richardson, R.S. (2016). Peripheral vascular function, oxygen delivery and utilization: the impact of oxidative stress in aging and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Heart failure reviews
Zorriehzahra MJ, Delshad ST, Adel M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Lazado CC (2016) Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Vet Q:1–14
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372540).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., Ge, C., Wang, J. et al. Effects of different combinations of Bacillus on immunity and antioxidant activities in common carp. Aquacult Int 25, 2091–2099 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0175-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0175-5