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Transcriptional control of apoptotic cell clearance by macrophage nuclear receptors

  • The many ways of apoptotic cell death
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Abstract

Apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages is key for normal tissue development and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptor (LXR), retinoic acid receptor (RAR), retinoid X receptor (RXR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) orchestrate this vital process. The underlying mechanism involves the transcriptional control of key genes of apoptotic cell recognition and internalization, such as Cd36, Mertk, Axl, C1qa, Tgm2, Abca1. In addition, apoptotic cell uptake leads to M2 activation of macrophages, and this process is also controlled at the gene transcription level by nuclear receptors. Apoptotic cells provide signals for nuclear receptors, which in turn accelerate the safe disposal of apoptotic debris, which eventually allows renewal of the tissues, and impedes the development of inflammation and autoimmunity against dying cells. Nuclear receptor signaling is vulnerable to endocrine disruptors, which may interfere with the ability of macrophages to phagocytose and acquire M2 activation. This review summarizes the mechanisms, which allow nuclear receptors to control apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages.

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Abbreviations

ABCA:

ATP cassette binding transporter

Axl:

Axl tyrosine kinase

C1q:

Complement component 1q

CD36:

Cluster of differentiation 36, scavenger receptor

CD163:

Haptoglobin receptor

CD206:

Mannose receptor

GAS6:

Growth-arrest-specific gene 6

GR:

Glucocorticoid receptor

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

IL-10:

Interleukin-10

LXR:

Liver X receptor

M1:

M1 or classical macrophage activation

M2:

M2 or alternative macrophage activation

MerTK:

Mer tyrosine kinase

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

RAR:

Retinoic acid receptor

RXR:

Retinoid X receptor

TGM2:

Transglutaminase-2

TGF-β:

Tumor growth factor beta

VDR:

Vitamin D receptor

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Acknowledgments

Work performed in the author’s laboratory is supported by the Horizon 2020 Framework Program for Research and Innovation (655598), the German Research Fund (DFG, RO 4856/1–1), the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, 57202887), the International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine at University of Ulm, and the Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (director Prof. Dr. Jan Tuckermann), University of Ulm. The author acquired the image sequence shown in Fig. 1 at the Advanced Imaging Unit of the Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center, Madrid. Livia Lelkes provided editorial assistance.

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  1. Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Science Park I, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany

    Tamás Röszer

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Röszer, T. Transcriptional control of apoptotic cell clearance by macrophage nuclear receptors. Apoptosis 22, 284–294 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1310-x

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