Abstract
During June 2013 to March 2014, several visits were made to the truffle-bearing areas of Kermanshah province, Iran. In this study, two specimens associated with roots of oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) were identified as Tuber aestivum Vittad based on morphological and cytological characteristics. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR using primer pair ITS1/ITS4 and the sequences were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on ITS sequences revealed that all Iranian specimens were in the same branch in a clade with T. aestivum reported from others. All T. aestivum sequences, including Iranian specimen, showed an average of 97 % similarity (ranged from 96 to 100 %). The results of physico-chemical analyses on soil samples collected from oak forest indicated that T. aestivum was prevalent in the sandy soil with rather low phosphorus concentration, low in organic matter, and high CaCo3. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. aestivum and its host plant from Iran.
References
Baseia IG, Milanez AI (2002) Tulostoma persoon (gasteromycetes) from the Cerrado region, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Acta Bot Bras 16(1):09–14
Bencivenga M, Baciarelli FL (2012) Manuale di tartuficoltura. Esperienze di coltivazione dei tartufi in Umbria, Regione Umbria p 130
Benucci GM et al (2011) Ectomycorrhizal communities in a productive Tuber aestivum Vittad. orchard: composition, host influence and species replacement. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 76(1):170–184
Benucci GM et al (2012) Mycorrhization of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis) with commercial truffle species: Tuber aestivum Vittad. and Tuber borchii Vittad. Mycorrhiza 22(5):383–392
Bertault G et al (1998) Trifling variation in truffles. Nature 394(6695):734–734
Bougher NL, Lebel T (2001) Sequestrate (truffle-like) fungi of Australia and New Zealand. Aust Syst Bot 14(3):439–484
Bragato G et al (1999) Regionalization analysis of some soil factors related to Tuber melanosporum production in an experimental truffle bed.” Atti del “Vème Congrès International Science et Culture de la Truffe, pp 4–6
Bremner JM, Mulvaney C (1982) Nitrogen—total. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (methods of soil analysis). pp 595–624
Ceruti A et al (2003) The specie europee del genere Tuber. Una revisione storica, Torino, p 467
Chevalier G, Frochot H (1997) La maîtrise de la culture de la truffe. Rev for fr 49:201–213
Chevalier G (2009) The truffle of Europe (Tuber aestivum Vittad.): ecology and possibility of cultivation. In: Abstracts: first conference on the “European” Truffle Tuber aestivum/uncinatum. 6–8.11.2009. Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, pp 1–2
Chevalier G, Sourzat P (2012) Soils and techniques for cultivating Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum in Europe. Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Springer, Berlin, pp 163–189
Daneshpajuh B (1991) Two New Species of Hypogeous Ascomycetes in Iran. In: Proceedings of the 10th Plant Protection Congress of Iran, p 56
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791
Ferdman Y et al (2005) Phylogenetic studies of Terfezia pfeilii and Choiromyces echinulatus (Pezizales) support new genera for southern African truffles: Kalaharituber and Eremiomyces. Mycol Res 109(02):237–245
Fontana A, Giovannetti G (1978) 9 Sinbiosi micorrizica fra Cistus incanus L. ssp. incanus e Tuba melanosporum Vitt. Allionia 23:5–11
García-Montero LG et al (2008) New data on ectomycorrhizae and soils of the Chinese truffles Tuber pseudoexcavatum and Tuber indicum, and their impact on truffle cultivation. Mycorrhiza 19(1):7–14
Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes: application to identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118
Gee G, Bauder J (1986) Particle-size analysis. In Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1, physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd edn. Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 383–411
Gilkey HM (1954) Taxonomic notes on Tuberales. Mycologia 56:783–793
Gilkey HM (1961) New species and revisions in the order Tuberales. Mycologia 53:215–220
Gryndler M et al (2011) Detection of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) in ectomycorrhizae and in soil using specific primers. FEMS Microbiol Lett 318(1):84–91
Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. In: Nucleic acids symposium series
Hall IR et al (2007) Taming the truffle: the history, lore, and science of the ultimate mushroom. Timber Press, Portland
Hansen K, Pfister DH (2006) Systematics of the Pezizomycetes—the operculate discomycetes. Mycologia 98(6):1029–1040
Harley J, Smith S (1985) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, London, Review by B Mosse in: J Exp Bot 36:1019
Hawker LE (1954) British hypogeous fungi. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B: Biol Sci 237(650):429–546
Hawksworth DL et al (1996) Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 38(4):272–272
Iwański M et al (2006) Mycorrhizal associations of nursery grown Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings in Poland. Ann For Sci 63(7):715–723
Jamali S, Banihashemi Z (2011) Identification, hosts, distribution and molecular phylogeny of desert truffles in Iran. Phytopathology 101(6):S81
Jamali S, Banihashemi Z (2012a) Fungi associated with ascocarps of desert truffles from different parts of Iran. J Crop Protect 1:41–47
Jamali S, Banihashemi Z (2012b) Hosts and distribution of desert truffles in Iran, based on morphological and molecular criteria. J Agric Sci Technol 14:1379–1396
Jamali S, Banihashemi Z (2013a) Nested-PCR for detecting Terfezia claveryi in roots of Helianthemum species in field and greenhouse conditions. J Agric Sci Technol 15(2):377–388
Jamali S, Banihashemi Z (2013b) Species-specific ITS primers for the identification of Picoa juniperi and Picoa lefebvrei and using nested-PCR for detection of P. juniperi in planta. Mol Biol Rep 40(10):5701–5712
Jeandroz S et al (2008) Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Tuber, the ‘true truffles’. J Biogeogr 35:815–829
Kumar S et al (2004) MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5(2):150–163
Loeppert RH, Suarez DL (1996) Carbonate and gypsum. In: Sparks DL (ed), Methods of soil analysis. Chemical methods, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 437–474
Malençon G (1973) Champignons Hypoges du Nord de IAfrique. I Ascomycetes Persoonia 7:261–288
Marjanovic Z et al (2010) Ecological specificities and molecular diversity of truffles (genus Tuber) originating from mid-west of the Balkan Peninsula. Sydowia 62(1):67–87
Mello A et al (2000) Tuber borchii versus Tuber maculatum: neotype studies and DNA analyses. Mycologia 18:326–331
Mello A et al (2002) Genetic variability of Tuber uncinatum and its relatedness to other black truffles. Environ Microbiol 4(10):584–594
Mello A et al (2006) Truffles: much more than a prized and local fungal delicacy. FEMS Microbiol Lett 260(1):1–8
Montecchi A, Sarasini M (2000) Funghi ipogei d´Europa. Trento-Vicenza Associaazione Micologica Bresadola-Fondacione centro Studi Micologici, p 714
O’Donnell K et al (1997) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetous truffles and the true and false morels inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Mycologia 89:48–65
Paolocci F et al (2004) Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum: two morphotypes or two species? FEMS Microbiol Lett 233(1):109–115
Pegler DN et al (1993) British truffles: a revision of british hypogeous fungi. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Surrey
Rincon A et al (2006) Afforestation of degraded soils with Pinus halepensis Mill.: effects of inoculation with selected microorganisms and soil amendment on plant growth, rhizospheric microbial activity and ectomycorrhizal formation. Appl Soil Ecol 34(1):42–51
Roux C et al (1999) Phylogenetic relationships between European and Chinese truffles based on parsimony and distance analysis of ITS sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 180(2):147–155
Rubini A et al (2001) Analisi morfologica comparativa delle spore e caratterizzazione molecolare di Tuber indicum Cooke e Massee e Tuber melanosporum Vitt., pp 94–101. Actes du Ve Congres International “Science et culture de la truffe et des autres champignons hypogés comestibles.” Fédération française des trufficulteurs, Aix en Provence
Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4(4):406–425
Song M et al (2005) Occurrence of Tuber aestivum in China. Mycotaxon 91:75–80
Stielow B, Menzel W (2010) Complete nucleotide sequence of TaV1, a novel totivirus isolated from a black truffle ascocarp (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). Arch Virol 155(12):2075–2078
Stobbe U et al (2013) New evidence for the symbiosis between Tuber aestivum and Picea abies. Mycorrhiza 23(8):669–673
Streiblova E et al (2010) Tuber aestivum–hypogeous fungus neglected in the Czech Republic. A review. Czech Mycol 61(2):163–173
Thomas GW (1996) Soil pH and soil acidity. In: Sparks DL (ed) Methods of soil analysis: chemical methods, part 3. Soil Science Society of America, Madison
Thompson JD et al (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680
Thompson JD et al (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25(24):4876–4882
Trappe JM (1971) A Synopsis of the Carbomycetaceae and Terfeziaceae (Tuberales). Trans Brit Mycol Soc 57:85–92
Trappe JM, Castellano MA (1991) Keys to the genera of truffles (Ascomycetes). McIlvanea 10:47–65
Turgeman T et al (2012) Introduced Tuber aestivum replacing introduced Tuber melanosporum: a case study. Agrofor Syst 84(3):337–343
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37(1):29–38
Weden C et al (2005) Species recognition in the truffle genus Tuber- the synonyms Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Environ Microbiol 7(10):1535–1546
Wedén C et al (2009) Truffle cultivation in Sweden: results from Quercus robur and Corylus avellana field trials on the island of Gotland. Scand J For Res 24(1):37–53
White TJ et al (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ (eds) PCR protocols. A guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 315–322
Zambonelli C et al (2002) Effects of lactic acid bacteria autolysis on sensorial characteristics of fermented foods. Food Tech Biotechnol 40(4):347–351
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jamali, S. First report of identification and molecular characterization of Tuber aestivum in Iran. Agroforest Syst 91, 335–343 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9932-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9932-0