Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Towards Identification of Correspondence Rules to Relate Traumatic Brain Injury in Different Species

  • State-of-the-Art Modeling and Simulation of the Brain’s Response to Mechanical Loads
  • Published:
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury analysis in humans is exceedingly difficult due to the intrusive methods by which data can be collected; thus, many researchers commonly implement animal surrogates. However, ethical concerns and cost limit the scope of these tests on animal subjects too. Computational models, which provide an alternative method to data collection, are not constrained by these concerns and are able to generate significant amounts of data in relatively short time. This paper shows how the data generated from models of a human and pig head can be used towards developing interspecies correspondence rules for blast overpressure effects. The blast overpressure is simulated using an explosive of known weight and standoff distance and injury is evaluated using criteria in published literature. Results indicate that equivalent blasts in the human and pig produce significantly different injuries, and when equating total injured brain volume, the locations of injury in the brain vary between the species. Charge weight and total injured brain volume are related using a linear regression of the data such that a known injury in the pig or known blast can be used to predict injury or the blast experienced by a human, thus creating a correspondence between the species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bass, C. R., M. B. Panzer, K. A. Rafaels, G. Wood, J. Shridharani, and B. Capehart. Brain injuries from blast. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40:185–202, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bonet, J., and A. J. Burton. A simple average nodal pressure tetrahedral element for incompressible and nearly incompressible dynamic explicit applications. Commun. Numer. Methods Eng. 14:437–449, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bonet, J., H. Marriott, and O. Hassan. Stability and comparison of different linear tetrahedral formulation for nearly incompressible explicit dynamic applications. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 50:119–133, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Brewick, P., R. Saunders, and A. Bagchi. Biomechanical modeling of the human head. NRL/FR/6350–17-10304. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory, Defense Technical Information Center, 2017. www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1040988.

  5. Brewick, P., and K. Teferra. Uncertainty quantification for constitutive model calibration of brain tissue. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cernak, I. Animal models of head trauma. NeuroRx. 2:410–422, 2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cotton, R. T., C. W. Pearce, P. G. Young, N. Kota, A. C. Leung, A. Bagch, and S. M. Qidwai. Development of a geometrically accurate and adaptable finite element head model for impact simulation: the Naval Research Laboratory-Simpleware Head Model. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 19(1):101–113, 2016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Courtney, A., and M. Courtney. The complexity of biomechanics causing primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: a review of potential mechanisms. Front. Neurol. 6:221, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Deck, C., and R. Willinger. Improved head injury criteria based on head FE model. Int. J. Crashworthiness 13(6):667–678, 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Deck, C., and R. Willinger. The current state of the human head finite element modelling. Int. J. Veh. Saf. 4:85–112, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jean, A., M. K. Nyein, J. Q. Zheng, D. F. Moore, J. D. Joannopoulos, and R. Radovitzky. An animal-to-human scaling law for blast-induced traumatic brain injury risk assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111:15310–15315, 2014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Johnson, V. E., D. F. Meaney, D. K. Cullen, and D. H. Smith. Animal models of traumatic brain injury. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 127:115–128, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kang, H. S., R. Willinger, B. M. Diaw, and B. Chinn. Validation of a 3D anatomic human head model and replication of head impact in motorcycle accident by finite element modeling. SAE Techn. Pap. 41:315–325, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kingery, C. N. Air-blast parameters from TNT spherical air burst and hemispherical surface burst. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Lab, Defense Technical Information Center, 1966. https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.dtic.mil_dtic_tr_fulltext_u2_811673.pdf&d=DwICAg&c=vh6FgFnduejNhPPD0fl_yRaSfZy8CWbWnIf4XJhSqx8&r=cijxKIUfIjh6xB35XSxKelnSNfz2185wGO_qFr-DFH8&m=8TeaFt318zTatWYkxpH4HfT8WVAkx79q-zVm5PlH5u4&s=aK8p4jB1tswV_dL4RswcKs2eFhrzuPdQknmccF_Yh-Y&e=.

  15. Kleiven, S. Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions. Stapp Car Crash J. 51:401–435, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Margulies, S. S., and L. E. Thibault. A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man. J. Biomech. 25(8):917–923, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Panzer, M. B., G. W. Wood, and C. R. Bass. Scaling in neurotrauma: How do we apply animal experiments to people? Exp. Neurol. 261:120–126, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rafaels, K. A., C. R. Bass, M. B. Panzer, R. S. Salzar, W. A. Woods, S. H. Feldman, T. Walilko, R. W. Kent, B. P. Capehart, J. B. Foster, B. Derkunt, and A. Toman. Brain injury risk from primary blast. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 73(4):895–901, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Saunders, R., N. Kota, A. Bagchi, and S. Qidwai. On challenges in developing a high-fidelity model of the human head for traumatic brain injury prediction. NRL/MR/6350–18-9807. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory, Defense Technical Information Center, 2018. https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.dtic.mil_dtic_tr_fulltext_u2_1063014.pdf&d=DwICAg&c=vh6FgFnduejNhPPD0fl_yRaSfZy8CWbWnIf4XJhSqx8&r=cijxKIUfIjh6xB35XSxKelnSNfz2185wGO_qFr-DFH8&m=DZXI9-X7q9mk3hA93vZMA8uoihLUxzP6YyTtijv5Cqg&s=knbg6Lvdq9UdhpUkUFQV2iDcyDnojJyebQWyYcRL7x0&e=.

  20. Takhounts, E. G., R. H. Eppinger, J. Q. Campbell, and R. E. Tannous. On the development of the SIMon finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 47:107–133, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Tan, X. G., M. M. D’Souza, S. Khushu, R. K. Gupta, V. G. DeGiorgi, and A. K. Singh. Computational modeling of blunt impact to head and correlation of biomechanical measures with medical images. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition. Paper No. 88026, 2018.

  22. Tan, X. G., A. J. Przekwas, and R. K. Gupta. Computational modeling of blast wave interaction with a human body and assessment of traumatic brain injury. Shock Waves 27(6):889–904, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tan, X. G., R. N. Saunders, and A. Bagchi. Validation of a full porcine finite element model for blast induced TBI using a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. In: Proceeding of the ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, pp. V003T04A035–V003T04A035, 2017.

  24. Teferra, K., X. G. Tan, A. Illiopoulos, J. Michopoulos, and S. Qidwai. Effect of human head morphological variability on the mechanical response of blast overpressure loading. Int. J. Numer. Method. Biomed. Eng. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.3109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Thibault, K. L., and S. S. Margulies. Age-dependent material properties of the porcine cerebrum: effect on pediatric inertial head injury criteria. J. Biomech. 31(12):1119–1126, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wright, R. M., and K. T. Ramesh. An axonal strain injury criterion for traumatic brain injury. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 11(1–2):245, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Young, P. G., T. B. Beresford-West, S. R. Coward, B. Notarberardino, B. Walker, and A. Abdul-Aziz. An efficient approach to converting three-dimensional image data into highly accurate computational models. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 366(1878):3155–3173, 2008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang, L. KH Yang, AI King. Biomechanics of neurotrauma. Neurol. Res. 23(2–3):144–156, 2001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang, L., K. H. Yang, and A. I. King. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J. Biomech. Eng. 126(2):226–236, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhu, F., C. C. Chou, K. H. Yang, and A. I. King. Some considerations on the threshold and inter-species scaling law for primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: a semi-analytical approach. J. Mech. Med. Biol. 13(04):1350065, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under contract number N001415WX00531 and the Department of Defense (DoD) High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP) using the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center (ERDC) Major Shared Resource Center (MSRC) under project 416, subproject 572. The authors acknowledge Dr. Ross Cotton from Simpleware® for the generation of the human head FE meshes. The authors acknowledge Dr. Tim Bentley from ONR for his support and technical discussions as well as Dr. Thomas O’Shaughnessy from NRL for technical discussions. The authors also acknowledge Drs. Kirubel Teferra and Patrick Brewick for their revisions and feedback. SMQ acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation under the Internal Research & Development Program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA

    Robert N. Saunders, X. Gary Tan & Amit Bagchi

  2. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA

    Siddiq M. Qidwai

Authors
  1. Robert N. Saunders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. X. Gary Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Siddiq M. Qidwai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amit Bagchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amit Bagchi.

Additional information

Associate Editor Matthew B. Panzer oversaw the review of this article.

This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

SMQ participates in his personal capacity. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saunders, R.N., Tan, X.G., Qidwai, S.M. et al. Towards Identification of Correspondence Rules to Relate Traumatic Brain Injury in Different Species. Ann Biomed Eng 47, 2005–2018 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02157-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02157-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation